Table 2.

Biosynthesis of IONPs

Reducing agents	Species extract	Synthesis parameters	Shape	Size (nm)	Matrix	Effects	Ref.
Plant	Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni	13 h at 170 °C	Spherical	20–25	DPPH radical	↑ Antioxidant activity	[68]
	Punica granatum	45 min at 25 ºC pH 11	Spherical	26.52–158.44	Cancer cell lines	↑ Purity and crystallinity of IONPs ↑ Denaturation of the HONE1 NPC cell line ↓ Cytotoxicity of CCD112 and HEK293 normal cells	[81]
	Petroselinum crispum	2 h at 25 ºC	Oval cubic spherical	64–68	Male albino rats	↓ Serum ferritin and iron concentrations ↑ Total iron-binding capacity, urea, and creatinine	[75]
Bacteria	Paenibacillus polymyxa	5 h at 45 ºC pH ± 4.8	Spherical	26.65	Maize seedling growth	↑ Seed germination, root development, and fresh weight	[70]
	Enterobacteriaceae	10 days at 25 ºC pH 7.4	Spherical	0.9–1.8	Hep-G2 hepatocarcinoma cell lines	↑ Cell viability after 24 h (500 μg/mL)	[2]
					Sprague Dawley rats	↑ Content of iron in serum and tissue, as well as the expression of the ferritin L subunit
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	48 h at 37 °C pH 6.5	Spherical	23	Human plasma	↑ Anticoagulant activity in the final common pathway and in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation process (determination of APTT) ↓ Anticoagulant activity in the extrinsic pathway	[45]
Fungi	Trichoderma asperellum	5 min at 30 °C pH 3.2 ± 0.02	Spherical	25	Fungal cell filtrate	↑ Stability in nature ↑ Hydrolysis potentiality of iron chloride salts ↑ Extracellular nanoparticle formation	[23]
	Phialemoniopsis ocularis			13.13
	Fusarium incarnatum			30.56

DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma, APTT activated partial prothrombin time, IONPs iron oxide nanoparticles