Table 1.

Causes of intracranial hypertension

1. Intracranial

Extrinsic compression

Depressed skull fractures

Subdural, extradural hematomas

Cerebral contusions

Cerebral edema

Thrombosis

2. Extracranial

• Cervical collars

Neck lateralization

Jugular thrombosis (central line, SVjO2 monitoring devices)

Orotracheal tube tethering

• Thorax (intrathoracic pressure increase)

Pneumothorax

Hemothorax

Mechanical ventilation

Inadequate PEEP levels

Airway obstruction

Thrombosis (central line)

Severe pulmonary embolism

Asynchrony with mechanical ventilator

• Abdomen (intrabdominal pressure increase)

Fluid Resuscitation

Ileus

Gastroparesis

Pneumoperitoneum

Hemoperitoneum

PEEP positive expiratory end pressure, SVjO₂ jugular bulb oxygen saturation