Table 3.
Causes of secondary obesity
| Classification | Causes |
|---|---|
| Monogenic obesity | Leptin deficiency |
| Leptin receptor deficiency | |
| Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency | |
| Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency | |
| Other | |
| Congenital syndromic obesity | Prader-Willi syndrome |
| Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome | |
| Alström syndrome | |
| Cohen syndrome | |
| Carpenter syndrome | |
| Other | |
| Drugs | Antipsychotics: thioridazine, olanzepine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone |
| Tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin | |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: paroxetine | |
| Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants: mirtazapine | |
| Mood stabilizers: lithium | |
| Anti-convulsants: valproate, carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin | |
| Anti-diabetics: insulin, sulfonylurea, glinide, thiazolidinedione | |
| Serotonin receptor antagonists: pizotifen | |
| H1 antihistamines: cyproheptadine | |
| β-Blockers: propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, nadolol | |
| α-Blockers: terazosin, prazosin, clonidine | |
| Steroids: oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids | |
| Neuroendocrine diseases | Hypothalamic obesity: trauma, tumor, infective disorder, neurosurgery, elevated intracranial pressure |
| Cushing's syndrome | |
| Insulinoma | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
| Growth hormone deficiency in adults | |
| Hypothyroidism | |
| Psychiatric disorders | Affective disorder: major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder |
| Anxiety disorder: panic disorder, agoraphobia | |
| Binge eating disorder | |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | |
| Alcohol dependency |