Table 4.

Regression analysis

	Institutional			Protest			Social media participation
	Standard β	t value	p value	Standard β	t value	p value	Standard β	t value	p value
Constant		2.02*	0.05		3.97***	0.00		1.52	.13
Block 1: Demographics
Age	0.01	0.21	0.83	− 0.11	− 3.31**	0.001	− 0.06	− 1.88	0.06
Gender (ref = female)	− 0.04	− 1.07	0.29	0.13	3.61***	0.00	0.12	3.14**	0.002
Financial stress	0.12	3.55***	0.00	0.07	2.12*	0.03	0.12	3.56***	0.00
Block 2: Controls
Political interest	0.18	3.93***	0.00	0.17	3.75***	0.00	0.25	5.59***	0.00
Social media use	0.01	0.34	0.74	0.03	0.93	0.35	0.12	3.52***	0.00
Internal political efficacy	0.16	3.66***	0.00	0.16	3.56***	0.00	0.17	3.78***	0.00
Satisfaction with democracy	− 0.24	− 5.21***	0.00	− 0.08	− 1.67	0.10	− 0.08	− 1.62	0.11
Political ideology	0.03	0.76	0.45	− 0.28	− 7.27***	0.00	− 0.13	− 3.44**	0.001
Block 3: Indicators of discontent
Past electoral exit	− 0.02	− 0.49	0.62	− 0.01	− 0.24	0.81	0.03	0.91	0.36
Political trust (outcomes)	0.02	0.39	0.70	− 0.14	− 2.86**	0.004	− 0.11	− 2.36*	0.02
Political trust (institutions)	0.15	2.99**	0.003	0.06	1.20	0.23	− 0.01	− 0.27	0.79
Trust in news media	− 0.08	− 1.88	0.06	− 0.08	− 2.08*	0.04	− 0.10	− 2.44*	0.02
Political hopelessness	− 0.29	− 6.23***	0.00	− 0.16	− 3.42**	0.001	− 0.23	− 4.94***	0.00
Populist attitudes	0.09	2.16*	0.03	0.13	3.11**	0.002	0.09	2.11*	0.04
Adjusted R2 (model 1: only block 1 variables)	0.03	0.04	0.01
Adjusted R2 (model 2: block 1 + block 2 variables)	0.15	0.20	0.20
Adjusted R2 (final model)	0.22	0.23	0.23
N (respondents)	720	720	720

^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001