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. 2023 Apr 11;56(3):1604–1639. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02111-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Within-task correlation estimates of the difference score parameter. Note. Distribution of observed correlations within task paradigms, split by analysis type for comparison. MPE = Pearson correlation coefficient obtained from traditional mean point estimates approach; HBM = Pearson correlation coefficient of delta estimates obtained by hierarchical Bayesian modeling. n = 116. a Correlations calculated on test (i.e., time 1) data only. b Correlations calculated on combined test and retest (i.e., time 1 & 2) data