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. 2022 Dec 12;192(4):600–611. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwac202

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Directed acyclic graph of the assumed relationships between exposure (A), outcome (Y), and confounders (L), and the eligibility processes represented by the indicator plus the missing mechanism in represented by . The solid and dashed boxes around these main indicators represent conditioning and the dotted lines represent spurious associations caused by this conditioning.

Inline graphic — Directed acyclic graph of the assumed relationships between exposure (A), outcome (Y), and confounders (L), and the eligibility processes represented by the indicator plus the missing mechanism in represented by . The solid and dashed boxes around these main indicators represent conditioning and the dotted lines represent spurious associations caused by this conditioning.