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. 2023 Mar 10;120(11):e2210439120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2210439120

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Framework of our project. Neural activity patterns trigger calcium dynamics in the muscle layers, which are transformed into contractile forces in the longitudinal (ectoderm; green) and circumferential (endoderm; red) directions, here indicated by the direction of fibers in the muscle layers. This provides the active force to drive a viscoelastic biomechanical model of the Hydra body column, simulating behaviors.