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. 2023 Mar 6;120(11):e2217946120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2217946120

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Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Fig. 2. — Comparison of mean deep-ocean (below 2 km) solubility anomalies measured at the BATS site with model predictions using the L13 gas exchange parameterization in which the bubble terms are multiplied by a scalar, b. Measured isotopic anomalies (Δ_IR; left-hand side) and elemental ratio anomalies (Δ_ER; right-hand side) both suggest that an enhancement of bubble fluxes is needed (i.e., b > 1), with an optimal value of b ≈ 2 compatible with five of six independent tracers. Error bars indicate ±1 SE, accounting for both measurement uncertainties and uncertainties in the solubility equilibrium values. Deep-ocean mean Δ(Kr/Ar) and Δ(Xe/Ar) values shown from this study (light blue) and ref 24 (dark blue), excluding artifactually low Δ(Kr/Ar) below −2% in ref 24. Modeled Δ(N₂/Ar) is compared with the below 2-km mean of published Δ(N₂/Ar) measurements from the BATS site (16, 25).