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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2023 Jan;42(1):74–82. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00733

Exhibit 3. Effects of the 2021 Child Tax Credit expansion on mental health and healthcare utilization Source:

Exhibit 3

Authors’ analysis of data from U.S. Census Household Pulse Survey Note: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Coefficients are plotted as point estimates (boxes) with 95% confidence intervals (whiskers). Coefficients are derived from models in which the primary exposure is a triple interaction term between an indicator for whether the interview occurred after (versus before) the CTC expansion, a binary variable representing adults with (versus without) children, and a binary variable for whether the interviewee belonged to a lower (versus higher) income group. All regressions adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, income, marital status, number of children, and level of education as well as fixed effects for bi-weekly waves. Depressive symptoms were captured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 scale, and anxiety symptoms were captured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale; both were dichotomized at the standard cut-off of 3 or more to indicate high risk of mental health problems.