Fig. 8. Model of astrocyte regulation of arousal-associated cortical state.

NE (green arrows) drives changes from states of low arousal with synchronized cortical activity (left) to states of high arousal with desynchronized cortical activity (right). Simultaneous activation of astrocytes through the Adra1a receptor leads to Ca²⁺ signaling (magenta arrow) that drives the cortex back to a synchronized state following increases in arousal. Scale bar, 10 µm. Mouse images from SciDraw.io under a Creative Commons licence CC BY 4.0.