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. 2023 Apr 11;13:5891. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32720-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Action potential firing patterns and subthreshold voltage-activated currents in NPFF cells. (a) Examples of action potential firing patterns observed in NPFF cells in response to 1 s suprathreshold current injections. (b) The most prominent type of firing pattern seen in NPFF cells was delayed firing (11/26; 42.3%), with smaller proportions exhibiting tonic (8/26; 30.8%), transient (5/26: 19.2%) or single spike firing (2/26: 7.7%). (c) Representative traces demonstrating the subthreshold voltage-activated currents in NPFF cells that were revealed using a voltage step protocol that hyperpolarised cells from -60 to -90 mV for 1 s and then depolarised cells to -40 mV for 200 ms (bottom left trace). The currents that are revealed by this protocol were classified as rapid (I_Ar) or slow (I_As) A-type potassium currents, or hyperpolarising-activated currents (I_h). The example traces of I_Ar (top left) and I_As with I_h (top right) show an average of 5 traces. The example of I_h (dashed outline) is shown at a different y-axis scale (bottom right). (d) Almost all NPFF cells displayed I_A, which was mostly classified as I_Ar (10/16; 62.5%), but with some exhibiting I_As (4/16; 25.0%). Many cells exhibited I_h (11/16; 68.8%), which was typically seen in addition to I_Ar (5/16; 31.3%) or I_As (4/16; 25.0%). The peak amplitude of I_A was 165.7 ± 80.3 and 333.0 ± 184.1 pA for I_Ar and I_As, respectively (e) and the amplitude of I_h, measured during the final 200 ms of the hyperpolarising step, was -10.9 ± 5.0 pA (f).