TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics and resting blood pressure.
| Variable | Women Who Were Lean | Men with Central Obesity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA (n = 12) |
WE (n = 12) |
Pairwise Comparisons SA vs WE Women |
SA (n = 15) | WE (n = 15) | Pairwise Comparisons SA vs WE Men |
|||
| Mean Difference (95% CI) |
Effect Size (d) |
Mean Difference (95% CI) |
Effect Size (d) |
|||||
| Age (yr) | 24.2 (6.2) | 24.3 (5.4) | −0.2 (−5.1 to 4.8) | 0.03 | 41.3 (11.3) | 41.6 (12.7) | −0.3 (−9.3 to 8.7) | 0.03 |
| Stature (cm) | 163.9 (4.8) | 166.0 (6.1) | −2.1 (−6.7 to 2.5) | 0.38 | 172.7 (6.2) | 181.5 (3.3) | −8.8(−12.5 to −5.0)* | 1.76 |
| Body mass (kg) | 62.5 (10.7) | 65.4 (8.5) | −2.9 (−11.1 to 5.3) | 0.30 | 93.3 (17.2) | 112.8 (18.5) | −19.5(−32.9 to − 6.2)* | 1.09 |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 23.3 (3.8) | 23.9 (4.0) | −0.6 (−3.9 to 2.7) | 0.16 | 31.5 (7.2) | 34.3 (5.5) | −2.7 (−7.6 to 2.1) | 0.42 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 42.5 (4.4) | 47.0 (5.5) | −4.5(−8.8 to −0.3)* | 0.91 | 61.2 (6.4) | 71.2 (6.8) | −9.9(−14.9 to −5.0)* | 1.50 |
| Body fat (%)a | 31.1 (7.3) | 29.9 (5.8) | 1.2 (−4.3 to 6.8) | 0.19 | 33.3 (7.4) | 36.0 (7.4) | −2.7 (−8.3 to 2.8) | 0.37 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 76.3 (3.1) | 77.3 (2.5) | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.9) | 0.07 | 106.3 (15.0) | 113.7 (14.0) | −7.4 (−18.3 to 3.5) | 0.51 |
| Total abdominal fat (L)b | 6.79 (3.86) | 5.70 (1.89) | 1.09 (−1.76 to 3.95) | 0.36 | 14.61 (6.76) | 18.72 (6.93) | −4.11 (−9.33 to 1.11) | 0.60 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (L)b | 1.14 (0.93) | 0.93 (0.27) | 0.21 (−0.39 to 0.82) | 0.33 | 4.21 (1.74) | 6.19 (2.05) | −1.99(−3.43 to −0.54)* | 1.05 |
| Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (L)b | 5.64 (3.01) | 4.77 (1.67) | 0.88 (−1.41 to 3.16) | 0.36 | 10.41 (5.24) | 12.53 (5.61) | −2.12 (−6.25 to 2.01) | 0.39 |
| Visceral adipose tissue ratio (%)c | 15.6 (4.5) | 16.8 (3.5) | −1.2 (−5.0 to 2.5) | 0.31 | 29.6 (6.8) | 34.2 (8.5) | −4.6 (−10.4 to 1.3) | 0.59 |
| Visceral adipose tissue index (L·m−2)d | 0.43 (0.33) | 0.35 (0.11) | 0.08 (−0.14 to 0.32) | 0.35 | 1.42 (0.58) | 1.88 (0.61) | −0.46(−0.91 to −0.01)* | 0.77 |
| Fat index (L·m−2)e | 2.58 (1.46) | 2.12 (0.72) | 0.46 (−0.62 to 1.55) | 0.40 | 4.94 (2.25) | 5.68 (2.04) | −0.74 (−2.39 to 0.90) | 0.35 |
| Liver fat fraction (%)b | 1.66 (1.61) | 1.61 (1.07) | 0.04 (−1.24 to 1.32) | 0.03 | 9.21 (8.42) | 12.21 (9.03) | −3.00 (−9.60 to 3.60) | 0.34 |
| Peak oxygen uptake (L·min−1) | 2.16 (0.35) | 2.62 (0.49) | −0.46(−0.82 to −0.10)* | 1.09 | 2.66 (0.66) | 3.55 (0.75) | −0.88(−1.41 to −0.36)* | 1.26 |
| Peak oxygen uptake (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 34.8 (5.1) | 40.5 (8.5) | −5.7 (−11.6 to 0.3) | 0.81 | 29.2 (7.7) | 31.7 (5.2) | −2.5 (−7.4 to 2.4) | 0.38 |
| Resting SBP (mm Hg) | 109 (104 to 115) | 115 (109 to 121) | −5% (−11% to 2%) | 0.03 | 122 (13) | 132 (14) | −10(−18 to −1)* | 0.79 |
| Resting DBP (mm Hg) | 72 (69 to 76) | 71 (68 to 75) | 1% (−6% to 9%) | 0.01 | 76 (10) | 81 (9) | −5 (−11 to 1) | 0.58 |
Within groups, normally distributed data are mean (SD) and nonnormally distributed data are geometric mean (95% CI). For normally distributed data, ethnic comparisons are based on the mean absolute difference (95% CI of the mean absolute difference between ethnicities). For nonnormally distributed data, ethnic comparisons are based on the ratio of the geometric means (95% CI for the ratio of geometric means between ethnicities).
Significant differences are highlighted using bold text.
aBody fat determined by bioelectrical impedance.
bTotal abdominal fat, visceral adipose tissue, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and liver fat fraction determined via MRI.
cVisceral adipose tissue ratio determined via MRI. This is visceral fat divided by the total abdominal fat.
dVisceral adipose tissue index determined via MRI. This is the total amount of visceral fat divided by height squared.
eFat index determined via MRI. This is the total amount of abdominal fat divided by height squared.
*Main effect of ethnicity (P ≤ 0.047).
DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.