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Immunologic effects of stromal cells including MDSCs, CAFs, TAMs, PSCs, Tregs, TANs and MCs on pancreatic TME. These stromal cells dysregulate the function of immune cells-mediated antitumor immunity to establish an immunosuppressive TME via secretion of chemokines and cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-10, IL-35, CCL5, CXCL12, GM-CSF, PGE2, IDO, PD-L1 and CTLA-4. The cytotoxic activity and cytokines production of NK cells, DCs and CTLs are inhibited in pancreatic TME.
