TABLE 1.
Dietary alterations of the gut microbiome in EAE and MS.
| Dietary strategies | Alterations of gut microbiome | Form of disease and impact | References** |
| No dietary alterations | EAE*: ↑ Clostridiaceae (24, 25) and Akkermansia (24, 26) ↓ Lactobacillaceae (24, 25) and Bacteroidaceae (26) MS*: ↑ Methanobrevibacter (28, 31), Acinetobacter (21, 27, 32), and Akkermansia (21, 22, 30–32) ↓ Bacteroidaceae (27–30) |
EAE and MS disease alteration of gut microbiome to compare to dietary alterations | (22–32) |
| Vitamin D | MS: ↑ Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Coprococcus (30) | MS: conflicting studies on the link of vitamin D and pathogenesis | (30) |
| Dietary fiber | EAE: ↑ Ruminococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae and Enterococcaceae (3) and Lactobacillaceae (52) ↓ Sutterellaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Coriobacteriaceae (3) |
EAE: normal diet 55% disease incidence vs. cellulose rich diet 23%, and cellulose rich diet delayed neurological symptoms by about 1 week | (3, 52) |
| Mediterranean diet | EAE: no gut microbiome analysis, measured bacterial LPS levels MS: ↑ Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia and Blautia (80) ↓ Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Parabacteroides (80) Lower ratio Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (80) |
EAE: reduced bacterial endotoxins and reduced oxidative stress MS: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory |
(80) |
| Isoflavone diet | EAE: ↑ Adlercreutzia and Parabacteroides (3, 82) ↓ Akkermansia (3, 82) |
EAE: increased bacteria are deficient in MS and decreased bacteria associated with MS | (3, 82) |
| High vegetable/Low protein | MS high vegetable/low protein: ↑ Lachnospiraceae, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, a sequence of an unclassified Lachnospiraceae strain, Roseburia, and a Hungatella-related unknown Lachnospiraceae (34) MS “Western diet”: ↑ Euryarchaeota (83) |
MS: samples of patients on different diets were taken after 12 months, no baseline samples for comparison | (34, 83) |
| Intermittent fasting | EAE: ↑ Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae (85) ↓ Bifidobacterium (85) MS: pilot study with similar alterations to EAE (85) |
EAE: delayed onset and reduced severity MS: intermittent fasting partly linked to altered gut microbiome beneficial effects |
(85) |
*The prevalent microbes across studies shown.
**References are organized in order of dietary strategies.