Table 1.
Summary current studies on MDSCs in COVID-19 patients.
| Samples (COVID-19 patients and healthy donors (HD)) | Source of MDSCs | Subtypes and phenotypic markers of MDSCs | Frequency of MDSCs | Cytokines | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=68(COVID-19:48; HD:20) | PBMC | CD11b,CD14,HL (39)A-DR,CD33,CD88,CD56,CD19,CD3,CD15,CD45,DRAQ7 | MDSCs↑ (as compared to HD) | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α↑ | (40) |
| N=68(COVID-19:15 severe, Nosevere:26; HD:26) | PBMC | Total MDSCs: HLA-DR-CD11b+; Mature PMN-MDSCs: HLA-DR-CD11b+CD15+CD66b+CD14-CD16+; Immature PMN- MDSCs: HLA-DR-CD11b+CD15+CD66b+CD14-CD16-; M-MDSCs: HLA-DR-CD11b+CD15- CD66b-CD14+ |
Total MDSCs, mature PMN-MDSCs, immature PMN- MDSCs and M-MDSCs↑ (as compared to HD); mature PMN-MDSCs and immature PMN- MDSCs severe patients (as compared to nosevere) |
None | (41) |
| N=22(CoV2-=9, CoV2+=13) SARS Coronavirus 2 | PBMC | M-MDSCs;CD11b+CD33+CD14+HLA- DR-/lo |
M-MDSCs↑ | IL-6↑ | (39) |
| N=66(COVID-19 = 56, moderate: 45, severe: 11; HD=10); after 3 months (n=21) | EDTA-anticoagulated blood | PMN-MDSCs: CD11b+CD14-CD15+CD16+CD33-HLA-DR-; M-MDSCs: CD11b+CD14+CD15-/lowCD16-CD33+HLA-DR-/low | PMN-MDSCs: severe: moderate=10:1; M-MDSCs: severe: moderate=4:1 | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, EGF, HCF, PDGF-BB, et al. ↑ | (42) |
| N=158(COVID-19 = 96(ICU:32, non-ICU:96); HD:30); 59 patients recovered; 19 died |
PBMC | PMN-MDSCs: CD11b+CD14-CD33+CD15+ HLADR-/low; M-MDSC: CD11b+CD14+CD33+HLA-DR-/low |
PMN-MDSCs↑,especially in patients who required intensive care treatments (as compared to HDs) |
IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α↑ | (20) |
| N=40(COVID-19 = 27(ICU:8, non-ICU:19; HD:13) | EDTA-anticoagulated peripheral blood | PMN-MDSCs: CD11b+CD33+CD15+HLA-DR+; M-MDSCs: CD11b+CD33+CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg or CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg; the new subset of MDSCs: CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg |
CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg MDSCs↑, especially in patients who required intensive care treatments (as compared to HD) |
None | (43) |
| N=71(COVID-19 = 62(ICU:31, non-ICU:31; HD:9)) | PBMC | PMN-MDSCs: HLA-DRlow/- CD11b+CD14-CD33+CD15+; M-MDSCs: HLA-DRlow/-CD11b+ CD14+CD33+ | PMN-MDSCs↑, especially in patients who required intensive care treatments (as compared to HD) |
None | (44) |
| N=26(COVID-19 = 18(mild:9; severe:9); HD=8) | PBMC | PMN-MDSCs: HLA-DR-Lin-CD33+CD11b+CD15+ | PMN-MDSCs↑, especially in severe (as compared to HD) | IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α↑; TGF-β↑ (in plasma from patients with severe disease, which decreased over time.) | (7) |
| N=224 (COVID-19 = 147; influenza A virus infected patients=44; HD=33) | PBMC and nasopharyngeal Aspirates (NPA) |
M-MDSCs : CD14+
Lin-(CD3-CD56-CD19-CD20-CD66-) HLA-DR-; PMN-MDSCs: CD56-CD14-CD3-CD19-HLA-DR-CD66abce LOX-1 |
M-MDSCs↑ (as compared to influenza A virus infected patients and HDs) | IL-6, IL-10↑ | (8) |
| N=80 (COVID-19 with ICU treatment) | Whole blood samples | M-MDSCs: CD45+CD11b+CD33+HLA-DRlow/−
CD14+CD15-, G-MDSCs: CD45+CD11b+CD33+HLA-DRlow/- CD14-CD15+ |
PMN-MDSCs ↓ (as compared to the ICU deceased) | None | (45) |
| N=47(COVID-19 = 40(mild:12; moderate I:7; moderate II:8; severe:13); HD=7) | PBMC | e-MDSCs : CD3-CD19+CD56-HLA-DR-CD11b+CD33+CD14-CD15-; M-MDSCs: D3-CD19-CD56-HLA-DR-CD11b+CD33+CD14+CD15-; PMN-MDSCs: CD3-CD19-CD56-HLA-DR-CD11b+CD33+CD14-CD15+ | PMN-MDSCs ↑in survivors of severe COVID-19 (as compared to mild, moderate, deceased and HDs) | IL-8↑ | (36) |
| N=32(excluded n=3; COVID-19 n=29(no secondary infection=17; secondary infection:12)) | EDTA anticoagulated blood | M-MDSCs: CD11b+HLA-DR- | M-MDSCs↑ | None | (31) |
| N=57(COVID-19 = 41(mild:21; severe:20); HD=16) | PBMC | PMN-MDSCs: Lin-HLA-DRlowCD11b+SSClowCD15+CD66b+; M-MDSCs: Lin-HLA-DRlowCD11b+SSClowCD14+; e-MDSCs: Lin-HLA-DRlowCD11b+SSClowCD15-CD66b-/CD14- | PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs↑ (as compared to HDs) | IL-6,IL-8,MCP-1,IL-18, TGF-β, IL-10↑ | (38) |
| N=26(ARDS COVID: 13; Moderate COVID:13) | PBMC | M-MDSCs: CD14+HLA-DR-; PMN-MDSCs: CD45+Lin-HLA-DR-CD15+CD11b+; e-MDSCs : CD45+CD3-Lin-HLA-DR-CD15+CD33+ | M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs↑ | IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, CXCL9, CXCL10, ↑(as compared to HDs),and G-CSF↑ in ARDS | (37) |
↑ represents increased, ↓ represents decreased, PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-10, interleukin-10;IL-18, interleukin-18;TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor; PDGF-BB, Platelet derived growth factor-BB; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; CXCL9, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9; CXCL10, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10.