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. 2023 Mar 29;10:1088575. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1088575

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© 2023 Jiang, Zhou, Yang, Wang, Feng, Wang, Xu, Jing, Wang, Su, Yang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Main mechanism of autophagy in mammals and target genes for treating cardiovascular diseases. The main mechanism is that ATG protein forms five functional groups (indicated in the red box). (1) ULK1 complex, composing of FIP200, ULK1, ATG13 and ATG101, which the mTOR complex of negative regulation. (2) BECLIN1-III PI3K complex, composing of BECLIN-1, VPS34, P115, AMBRA1 and ATG14 control the nucleation phase of autophagy. (3) Two full sample combination systems (ATG12-ATG5 and LC3 systems), which regulates the structure of autophagic precursor and autophagic body. (4) WIPI1/2 and ATG2 complexes control the extending autophagosomal membrane. (5) ATG9 retrieval complex, which the only multi-hop transmembrane protein involved in vesicle transport.