Table 2.
Chinese medicines mediated-autophagy has doule-sided regulation in cardiovascular diseases.
| Compound | Chinese medicine | Signaling pathway or target | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinomenine | Caulis sinomenii | ERK/mTOR, HMGB1 | Induction of autophagy resists inflammation in EA.hy926 cells | (191) |
| Seabuckthorn flavone | Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. | LC3-I/II, Beclin-1, SIRT1, NADPH | Increasing the level of autophagy reduces the degree of atherosclerosis | (192) |
| Salidroside | Rhodiola rosea L. | PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, AMPK/mTOR | Induction of autophagy protects myocardia cells from the hyperglycemic or hypoxia injury | (193, 194) |
| Resveratrol | Veratrum nigrum L. | AMPK/mTOR, p38, LC3-II, Beclin-1 | Induction of autophagy protects H9C2 embryonic rat heart derived cells from oxidative stress | (195) |
| Polydatin | Reynoutria japonica Houtt. | Nfr2/HO-1, SIRT3 | Increasing the level of autophagy protects cardiomyocytes against myocardial infarction injury | (187, 196) |
| Luteolin | Reseda odorata L. | MST1, p62, LC3-1/II, Beclin-1 | Induction of autophagy enhances the viativity of myocardia cells | (188) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L. | FOXO1 | Induction of autophagy protects vascular endothelial cell survival from oxidative stress damage | (186) |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. | PI3K/Akt/mTOR, LC3-I/II | Protective effect of mediated autophagy on hyperglycemic injury of H9C2 (2-1) myocardial cells | (197) |
| Hesperidin | Citrus reticulata Blanco. | PI3K/Akt/mTOR, LC3-II, Beclin-1 | Inhibition of autophagy contributes to resist myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | (198) |
| Diosmetin | Dioscorea oppositifolia L. | p62/Keap1/Nrf2, LC3I/II, Beclin-1, ATG7 | Inhibition of autophagy plays a protective role in myocardial hypertrophy | (148) |
| Danshensu | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | mTOR signaling, p62, p-S6, p-S6K1 | Inhibition of autophagy alleviates cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury | (190) |
| Salvianolic acid B | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | NIX, LC3-I/II | Inhibition of mitochondrial autophagy protects H9C2 cells from the hypoxia/reoxygenation injury | (199) |
| Allicin | Garlic | PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK/mTOR | Inhibition of autophagy reduces pathological myocardial hypertrophy | (120) |
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer | NF-κB, LC3-II, p62 | Inhibition of autophagy protects the adriamycin-induced injury in myocardia cells | (200, 201) |
| Berberine | Coptis chinensis Franch. | AMPK/mTOR, SIRT1, BNIP3, Beclin-1 | Inhibition of the excessive autophagy alleviates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury | (189) |