Table 3.
Targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases via signaling cascad.
| Participated pathway | Drugs/Compounds | Induction (+)/Inhibition (−) of autophagy | Cardiovascular diseases | In vivo/vitro | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Mibefradil | Induction (+) | Cardiac hypertrophy | Vitro | (218) |
| Ivabradine | Induction (+) | Myocardial infarction | Vivo | (219) | |
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vitro | (220) | |
| Stem-leaf saponins | Inhibition (−) | Cardiac protection | Vivo | (221) | |
| Danlou tablets | Induction (+) | Coronary atherosclerosis | Vivo and vitro | (222) | |
| IGF-1 and EGFR pathway | Spermidine | Induction (+) | Later period of cardiac disease | Vivo | (223) |
| Morphine | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vivo | (224) | |
| AMPK/mTOR pathway | Metformin | Induction (+) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Vivo and vitro | (225) |
| Tanshinone IIA | Induction (+) | Heart failure | Vivo and vitro | (226) | |
| Chikusetsu saponin IVa | Induction (+) | Myocardial fibrosis | Vivo | (227) | |
| Nkx2-3 | Induction (+) | Vascular remodeling disease | Vivo and vitro | (228) | |
| Melatonin | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vivo and vitro | (229) | |
| MAPKs pathway (ERK/JNK/p38) | Vildagliptin | Induction (+) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Vivo | (230) |
| Rab7 | Induction (+) | Aortic dissection | Vitro | (231) | |
| Allicin | Inhibition (−) | Cardiac hypertrophy | Vivo and vitro | (120) | |
| DUSP1 | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vivo and vitro | (232) | |
| Ghrelin | Inhibition (−) | Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity | Vitro | (233) | |
| Cilostazol | Inhibition (−) | Cardiac hypertrophy | Vitro | (234) | |
| P53 pathway | 6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime | Induction (+) | Heart failure | Vivo and vitro | (235) |
| 17β-estradiol | Induction (+) | Coronary atherosclerosis | Vitro | (236) | |
| LncRNA CAIF | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial infarction | Vivo and vitro | (237) | |
| Nrf2 pathway | Salidroside | Induction (+) | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Vitro | (193) |
| β-LAPachone | Induction (+) | Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity | Vivo | (238) | |
| KLF2 | Induction (+) | Coronary atherosclerosis | Vitro | (239) | |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vivo and vitro | (240) | |
| Propofol | Inhibition (−) | Myocardial I/R | Vivo | (241) | |
| Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Huoxin pill | Induction (+) | Myocardial ischaemia | Vivo and vitro | (242) |
| SIRT1 | Inhibition (−) | Coronary atherosclerosis | Vivo | (243) | |
| NF-κB pathway | FK506 | Induction (+) | Myocardial infarction | Vivo | (244) |
| Aspirin | Induction (+) | Coronary atherosclerosis | Vitro | (245) | |
| MSTN | Inhibition (−) | Cardiac hypertrophy | Vivo and vitro | (246) |