Table 4.
Heterophyid intestinal flukes infecting humans with their life cycle and geographical distributiona
| Species of heterophyids | First intermediate host (snail) | Second intermediate host | Reservoir host | Geographical distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metagonimus yokogawai | Semisulcospira sp. | Freshwater fish (sweetfish, dace) | Dog, cat, rat, fox, kite | China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Russia |
| Metagonimus miyatai | Semisulcospira sp. | Freshwater fish (chub, minnow) | Dog, red fox, raccoon, kite | Japan, South Korea |
| Metagonimus takahashii | Semisulcospira sp. Koreanomelania sp. | Freshwater fish (carp) | Dog, cat, kite, pelican | Japan, South Korea |
| Heterophyes heterophyes | Pirenella conica | Brackish water fish (mullet, goby, tilapia) | Dog, fox, jackal | Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirate, Yemen |
| Heterophyes nocens | Cerithidea sp. | Brackish water fish (mullet, goby) | Dog, cat | China, Japan, Korea, Thailand (?) |
| Haplorchis taichui | Melania sp. Melanoides sp. | Freshwater fish (carp, minnow) | Dog, cat, bird | Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, USA (Hawaii), Vietnam |
| Haplorchis pumilio | Melania sp. | Cyprinoid fish silurid fish cobitid fish |
Dog, cat | Australia, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Peru, The Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam |
| Haplorchis yokogawai | Melanoides sp. | Freshwater fish (carp, loach) brackish water fish (mullet) |
Dog, cat, cattle | Australia, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, USA (Hawaii), Vietnam |
| Centrocestus formosanus | Stenomelania sp. | Cyprinoid fish | Dog, fox, chicken, duck | Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Egypt, India, Japan, Lao PDR, Mexico, The Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, USA, Vietnam |
| Heterophyopsis continua | Unknown | Brackish water fish (perch, goby, shad) | Cat, duck, sea-gull | China, Japan, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam |
| Pygidiopsis summa | Cerithidea sp. | Brackish water fish (mullet, goby) | Cat | South Korea, Japan, Vietnam |
| Pygidiopsis genata | Melanoides sp. | Brackish water fish (mullet, tilapia) | Dog, cat, rat, fox, wolf, shrew, kite, pelican, duck | Egypt, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Romania, The Philippines, Tunisia, Ukraine |
| Stellantchasmus falcatus | Stenomelania sp. | Brackish water fish (mullet) | Dog, cat | Australia, China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lao PDR, The Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand,USA (Hawaii), Vietnam |
| Stictodora fuscata | Unknown | Freshwater and brackish water fish (carp, goby) | Dog, cat | South Korea, Japan, Kuwait |