Table 5.
Echinostomes infecting humans with their life cycle and geographical distribution
| Species of echinostomes | First intermediate host (snail) | Second intermediate host | Reservoir host | Geographical distributiona |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echinostoma revolutum |
Lymnaea sp. Physa sp. Segmentina sp. |
Freshwater snail, clam, tadpole | Dog, cat, rat, muskrat, duck, goose | Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Rep., England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovak Rep., Yugoslavia), The Middle East (Iran), Oceania (New Zealand), North America (USA), South America (Brazil) |
| Echinostoma cinetorchis |
Hippeutis cantori Segmentina hemisphaerula |
Freshwater snail, fish (loach), tadpole | Rat | South Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Vietnam |
| Echinostoma ilocanum |
Gyraulus sp. Hippeutis sp. |
Large snails (Viviparus sp., Pila sp.) | Dog, rat | The Philippines, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand |
| Echinostoma lindoense | Anisus spp. | Lymnaea, Planorbis, Gyraulus, Viviparus, Biomphalaria spp. | Bird, mammal | Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, The Philippines |
| Echinostoma mekongi | Unknown | Freshwater snail (Filopaludina sp.) | Unknown | Cambodia (probably also in Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam) |
| Isthmiophora hortensis |
Lymnaea sp. Radix sp. |
Freshwater fish (loach, etc.) | Dog, cat, rat | Japan, South Korea, China |
| Echinochasmus japonicus | Parafossarulus sp. | Cyprinoid fish | Cat, duck, egret | Japan, South Korea, China, Kuwait, Lao PDR, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam |
| Echinochasmus perfoliatus |
Parafossarulus sp. Bithynia sp. Lymnaea sp. |
Freshwater fish (carp, chub) | Dog, cat, rat, fox, wild boar, fowl | Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Denmark, Egypt, England, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, Vietnam |
| Echinochasmus liliputanus | Parafossarulus sp. | Freshwater fish (carp) | Dog, cat, fox, badger, raccoon | Egypt, China, Israel, Sri Lanka, Syria |
| Echinochamus fujianensis | Bellamya sp. | Freshwater fish (carp) | Dog, cat, rat, pig | China |
| Echinochasmus caninus | Unknown | Freshwater fish (Macropodus sp.) | Dog | India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Lao PDR |
| Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
Indoplanorbis sp. Gyraulus sp. |
Large snails (Pila, Gyraulus, Indoplanorbis spp.) | Dog, cat, rat, pig, mouse, hamster, house-shrew | China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand |
| Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex |
Indoplanorbis sp. Lymnaea sp. |
Freshwater snail, fish, frog | Dog, rat, pig | India, Vietnam (?) |
| Artyfechinostomum oraoni | Lymnaea sp. | Unknown | Pig | India |
| Hypoderaeum conoideum |
Indoplanorbis sp. Planorbis sp. Lymnaea sp. |
Large snail, tadpole | Duck, goose, fowl | Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, North America, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand |
| Acanthoparyphium tyosenense | Marine megagastropod marine gastropod |
Brackish water bivalve, gastropod | Duck | South Korea, Japan |