Table 1. Common biomaterial inks for extrusion-based bioprinting.

Material	Description	Crosslinking factor	Form	Function	Application
Matrigel	Native ECM	Temperature	Blending[30]/single[128]	Bioactivity	Bioprint tumor-derived gastric organoids for drug susceptibility test[30], bioprint bone tissue scaffolds for in vivo transplantation[33], bioprint breast tumor spheroids[128]
dECM		Temperature	Blending[38]/single[23]	Bioactivity	Bioprint cardiac patches for tissue repair[185], bioprint small intestine constructs with villi structure[186], fabricate vascularized airway chip[8]
Collagen	Native protein	Temperature/pH	Blending[186]/single[5]	Bioactivity	Bioprint complex heart tissue constructs with gel support bath [5], print nanofiber scaffolds[110], coaxial print vascularized small intestine[187]
Gelatin		Temperature	Blending[188]/single[151]	Bioactivity > printability	Fabricate vascularized tissue constructs with sacrificial support printing method[131], bioprint human embryonic kidney cells for investigating the signaling pathways[137], bioprint cartilage tissue constructs[38]
GelMA		Temperature /light	Blending[24]/single[189]	Bioactivity > printability > mechanical support	Directly write bioprinting cellularized scaffolds[94], microfluic-based bioprint heterogeneous tissue constructs[22], bioprint oxygenated cardiac tissue constructs[91]
Fibrin		Thrombin/coagulation factors	Blending[46]/single[136]	Bioactivity	Bioprint peripheral nerve tissue constructs[62], microfluidic-based bioprint human induced pluripotent stem cells for directed neural differentiation [61], microfluidic-based bioprint glioma tissue constructs[63]
Silk fibroin		Shear force	Blending[67]/single[68]	Printability > mechanical support	Bioprint bionic ears[82]
Nanocellulose	Native polysaccharide	Self-assembly	Blending	Printability	Bioprint human induced pluripotent stem cells for directed osteogenic differentiation[190]
Methylcellulose		Self-assembly	Blending	Printability	Bioprint adipose-derived stem cells[47]
Hydroxyethyl cellulose		Self-assembly	Blending	Printability	Bioprint breast cancer tumor tissue constructs for assessing drug structure-activity relationship[191]
Hyaluronic acid		Temperature/light	Blending[190]/thiolat-ed[37]/methacrylated[24]	Bioactivity	Bioprint 3D scaffolds with high shape fidelity by in-situ crosslinking[24], bioprint liver tissue constructs with specific mechanical strength[37], bioprint thick skin tissue constructs for wound healing[46]
Chitosan		Temperature/pH	Blending[54]/single[59]	Mechanical support	Bioprint skin tissue constructs[54]
Alginate		Ca2+	Blending[50]/single/[29]/ peptide modified[51]	Mechanical support > printability	Bioprint adipose-derived stem cells with nebulization crosslinking[49], bioprint liver tissue constructs for mimicking viral infection[36], coaxial bioprint vascularized bladder constructs[27]
Gellan gum		Temperature/Ca2+	Blending[70]/single[72]	Mechanical support > printability	Coaxial bioprint multi-layered brain tissues[72]
Carrageenan		Temperature/Ca2+	Blending[50]/single[78]	Mechanical support > printability	Bioprint oppositely charged hydrogel to form strong interface bonding[77]
Agrose		Temperature	Blending[40]/single[81]	Mechanical support > printability	Bioprint bone marrow mesenchymal cells for osteogenic differentiation [40]
Pluronic	Synthetic hydrogel	Temperature	Single[157]/blending[107]	Printability > mechanical support	Bioprint liver tissue constructs for assessing drug toxicity[107], fabricate perfusable vascularized constructs by sacrificial support printing method[108], bioprint thick vascularized constructs by sacrificial support printing method[9]
8PEG	Synthetic hydrogel	Light	Blending[103]/single[101]	Mechanical support > printability	Bioprint multicell-laden scaffolds containing bone morphogenic pritein-4 for bone defect repair[103], bioprint human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated with peptide-modified PEG microgels[101]
PEGDA		Light	Blending	Mechanical support > printability	Bioprint heart tissue constructs[105]
PCL	Synthetic thermoplastic polymer	Temperature	Single[111]/blending[112]	Mechanical support	Bioprint conductive neural tissue constructs[112]
PLA		Temperature	Single[45]/blending[116]	Mechanical support	Bioprint cellularized scaffolds with bioactive glasses[115]
PLGA		Temperature	Single[118]/blending[80]	Mechanical support	Bioprint multi-cellular scaffolds with high mechanical strength[80]
Hydroxyapatite	Inorganic materials	-	Blending	Bioactivity > mechanical support	Bioprint bone scaffolds for in vivo implantation[123]
nanoclay		Self-assembly	Blending	Printability	Bioprint bone mineral tissue constructs[126]
Polypyrrole	Semiconductor	-	Blending	Bioactivity	Bioprint conductive scaffolds for neural tissue constructs[87]
Carbon nanotube		-	Blending	Bioactivity	Bioprint conductive vascularized cardiac patches for subcutaneous implantation[147]