Fig. 2.

Sacral dysmorphism/lumbar sacralization are interchangeable terms used to describe morphotypes of the lumbar vertebrae: (a) Normal anatomy. (b) Partial sacralization where the lumbar transverse processes may be enlarged and articulate with the sacrum. (c) Full lumbar sacralization displays all the traditional findings of sacral dysmorphism described by Routt et al [50], including mamillary bodies, enlarged sacral foramina (which represents false foramina caused by fusion of the transverse process to the sacrum), and the sacrum having the appearance of not being recessed in the pelvis.