Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of study participants according to postdiagnosis TLCDS at T2D diagnosis in NHS (1980–2018) and HPFS (1986–2018)
| TLCDS | ALCDS | VLCDS | ULCDS | HLCDS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | |
| Number of participants with T2D | 2,074 | 1,832 | 1,915 | 2.134 | 2,219 | 2,255 | 2,016 | 1,799 | 2,096 | 1,866 |
| Postdiagnosis TLCDS | 7.6 (3.0) | 27.1 (1.7) | 6.3 (3.0) | 27.3 (1.7) | 8.5 (2.5) | 23.9 (2.5) | 6.5 (2.9) | 26.2 (1.9) | 8.6 (2.5) | 24.9 (2.4) |
| Prediagnosis TLCDS | 12.6 (7.0) | 19.6 (6.7) | 12.1 (7.5) | 20.3 (7.0) | 12.3 (5.2) | 17.5 (5.4) | 12.3 (6.9) | 20.7 (5.9) | 11.5 (5.1) | 17.5 (5.5) |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 65.4 (9.1) | 61.5 (8.3) | 65.3 (8.9) | 61.8 (8.4) | 65.3 (9.1) | 63.1 (8.2) | 65.4 (8.6) | 61.9 (8.8) | 64.6 (9.3) | 64.1 (8.0) |
| Male, % | 25.4 | 34.2 | 25.8 | 32.6 | 25.7 | 29.3 | 26.7 | 33.6 | 28.6 | 30.3 |
| Race | ||||||||||
| White, % | 93.3 | 96.3 | 92.5 | 96.6 | 95.1 | 95.5 | 92.8 | 96.6 | 94.8 | 94.7 |
| African American, % | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| Asian, % | 2.8 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Others, % | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 |
| Prediagnosis BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 (5.7) | 31.2 (5.8) | 29.8 (5.6) | 31.6 (5.9) | 31 (5.9) | 30.3 (5.7) | 29.6 (5.5) | 31.8 (6.0) | 31.4 (6.1) | 29.7 (5.4) |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week)* | 8.8 (2.7, 22.2) | 9 (2.4, 22.8) | 9.6 (2.9, 23.4) | 7.7 (1.9, 20.8) | 7.9 (2.1, 20.7) | 11 (3.2, 25.8) | 11.2 (3.4, 26.5) | 6.7 (1.6, 18.5) | 6.8 (1.5, 17.9) | 13.7 (4.2, 29.5) |
| Hypertension, % | 73.0 | 73.4 | 72.3 | 74.2 | 75.5 | 72.3 | 71.6 | 75.9 | 76.7 | 70.6 |
| High cholesterol, % | 71.7 | 68.7 | 73.2 | 67.4 | 68.4 | 73.8 | 74.0 | 69.6 | 71.1 | 73.1 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Never smokers, % | 45.4 | 36.7 | 44.7 | 38.0 | 44.8 | 38.1 | 43.4 | 38.9 | 41.6 | 39.6 |
| Past smokers, % | 46.5 | 55.1 | 48.1 | 53.7 | 46.8 | 54.3 | 50.3 | 52.0 | 49.0 | 53.5 |
| Current smokers, % | 8.0 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 6.8 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 46.6 | 46.6 | 47.1 | 46.9 | 46.9 | 47.8 | 47.4 | 46.5 | 45.0 | 47.8 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction, % | 20.2 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 20.1 | 20.6 | 20.0 | 19.3 | 20.2 | 19.7 | 18.4 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 36.2 | 35.4 | 37.3 | 36.1 | 37.0 | 37.6 | 36.3 | 35.0 | 36.4 | 37.8 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 55.9 | 58.0 | 57.4 | 54.9 | 55.1 | 61.9 | 59.0 | 53.7 | 53.0 | 64.4 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drug use, %† | 44.9 | 52.7 | 45.3 | 54.6 | 47.8 | 51.3 | 45.0 | 52.9 | 50.0 | 48.9 |
| Insulin use, %† | 4.8 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 4.8 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use† | ||||||||||
| Premenopausal, % | 6.1 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.1 |
| Postmenopausal-never, % | 32.9 | 28.4 | 32.7 | 30.6 | 33.9 | 28.5 | 32.3 | 31.7 | 33.1 | 28.3 |
| Postmenopausal-current, % | 19.5 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 18.2 | 20.0 | 19.3 | 17.1 | 18.9 | 20.0 |
| Postmenopausal-past, % | 41.5 | 45.7 | 41.7 | 44.6 | 41.7 | 44.9 | 42.3 | 44.8 | 41.7 | 45.5 |
| Prediagnosis AHEI | 50.6 (9.6) | 50.3 (9.9) | 51.9 (9.8) | 48.7 (9.3) | 48.3 (9.5) | 53 (9.7) | 53.9 (9.7) | 46.8 (9.0) | 45.8 (8.9) | 55.2 (9.4) |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day)* | 0.6 (0, 3.1) | 1.1 (0.1, 3.8) | 0.7 (0, 3.1) | 1.1 (0.1, 4) | 0.7 (0, 2.9) | 1.1 (0.1, 4) | 0.7 (0, 3.5) | 1.1 (0.2, 3.7) | 0.8 (0, 3.5) | 0.9 (0, 3.7) |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1,752 (457) | 1,796 (477) | 1,757 (462) | 1,791 (468) | 1,746 (449) | 1,800 (477) | 1,744 (454) | 1,823 (471) | 1,823 (471) | 1,761 (469) |
| Macronutrients, % of total energy | ||||||||||
| Total carbohydrates | 59.5 (5.5) | 38.7 (5.8) | 58.6 (6.5) | 40.2 (6.2) | 54.4 (8.4) | 44.4 (6.3) | 56.7 (7.9) | 40.7 (7.0) | 50.2 (8.6) | 47.2 (8.2) |
| High-quality carbohydrates | 17.7 (6.1) | 13.7 (4.8) | 17.9 (6.1) | 13.2 (4.4) | 15.8 (5.4) | 15.5 (5.1) | 19.2 (5.7) | 11.8 (3.8) | 12.9 (4.4) | 18 (5.6) |
| Low-quality carbohydrates | 24 (5.8) | 20.7 (5.1) | 24.1 (5.6) | 20.9 (5.1) | 22.8 (5.8) | 21.9 (5.1) | 22.5 (5.2) | 22.3 (5.3) | 24.8 (5.8) | 20.4 (4.6) |
| Total fat | 30.4 (4.6) | 36.9 (4.8) | 31 (4.8) | 36.5 (4.6) | 31.5 (4.8) | 35.5 (4.9) | 31 (4.9) | 36.6 (4.6) | 33.5 (4.8) | 33.9 (5.2) |
| Vegetable fat | 13 (3.5) | 14.6 (3.8) | 14.3 (3.9) | 13.5 (3.4) | 11.5 (2.9) | 16.7 (3.6) | 14.6 (4.0) | 13.6 (3.4) | 12.4 (3.2) | 16.3 (3.9) |
| Animal fat | 17.5 (4.5) | 22.3 (5.3) | 16.7 (4.5) | 23 (4.8) | 20 (4.9) | 18.7 (4.8) | 16.5 (4.6) | 23 (4.8) | 21.1 (4.9) | 17.7 (4.8) |
| Total protein | 17.8 (2.5) | 20.1 (2.6) | 17.6 (2.4) | 20.1 (2.7) | 18.9 (2.9) | 18.8 (2.5) | 18 (2.4) | 19.7 (2.6) | 18.5 (2.8) | 19.1 (2.5) |
| Vegetable protein | 5.2 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.6 (1.1) | 4.5 (0.7) | 4.4 (0.7) | 5.7 (1.0) |
| Animal protein | 12.6 (2.6) | 15.3 (2.8) | 12.2 (2.6) | 15.5 (2.8) | 14.3 (3.0) | 13.4 (2.6) | 12.4 (2.6) | 15.2 (2.8) | 14 (2.9) | 13.4 (2.7) |
Values are means (SD) for continuous variables or otherwise indicated, or percentages (%) for categorical variables. Q, quintile.
*
Values are medians (interquartile range).
†
Only available in women.