Table 1. Summary of evidence for treatment of ADHD core symptoms.

	Single modalities		Combinations
Type of treatment	Effective outcomes	Mixed/Non-effective outcomes	Effectiveness
Behavioural therapy (BT)	Moderate ES for typically unblinded parent ratings [20].	Effect size near 0 and non-significant for probably blinded measurements [20].	BT and stimulants: superior to stimulants or non-stimulants [5].
Computer-based Cognitive training (CT)	CT game for attention: reduction in the clinician ADHD-RS and functional EEG changes [31]. All types of CT: Significant effects on total ADHD ([SMD] = 0.37) and inattentive symptoms (SMD = 0.47) for unblinded raters [33].	CT for working memory: either no effect or mixed effects on ADHD symptoms [15],[32]. All types of CT: Small ES for total ADHD symptoms ([SMD] = 0.2) and inattentive symptoms (SMD = 0.32) for blinded raters [33]. All types of CT: No significant effects on H/I symptoms [33].	Stimulants and combined treatment groups with CT: More effective in improving ADHD symptoms [32].
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)		Group-based CBT: Mixed effects on ADHD symptoms and functional impairment [34].	CBT and stimulants: improve core ADHD symptoms [17].
NeuroFeedback [NF]	Medium to large ES on inattention [SMD = 0.64 to 0.80), while ES for H/I was medium [SMD = 0.50–0.61) [35].	Effect is mixed for core ADHD symptoms, academic & social skills [36]–[38].
Psychoeducation	Parents group Psychoeducation: Significant reduction of ADHD symptoms (p = 0.001) [18].
Meditation	Low to moderate efficacy (Hedge's g = −0.44, 95% CI −0.69 to −0.19, I20%) compared to control conditions [19].

*Note: BT – Behavioural therapy; CT – Computer-based Training; ES – Effect size (measured by SMD); H/I – Hyperactivity/Impulsivity symptoms; SMD – Standardized Mean Difference.