Table 2. Summary of Evidence for other ADHD-related behavioural problems.

Outcome measures	Single modalities		Combinations
	Effective treatments	Mixed/Non-effective treatments	Effectiveness
Parenting quality	BT: Moderate ES for positive parenting (SMD = 0.68), negative parenting (SMD = 0.57) and small ES for parenting self-concept (SMD = 0.37) [20].
Parent mental health		BT: no significant effects on self-rated mental health or general well-being [30].
Child conduct / functionality	BT: Improved parental knowledge and children's emotional, social and academic functioning, reduced levels of oppositional and non-compliant behaviours [30],[39].	BT: Low ES on Child conduct problems (SMD 0.26), social skills (SMD 0.47) and academic performance (SMD 0.28) [20].	CBT with stimulants: Improve problematic and antisocial behaviours [17].
	Classroom interventions: reduced off-task and disruptive classroom behaviour [40].
Higher cognitive, e.g., Inhibition / Executive Functions (EF)	Cardio exercise: improves EF-based events-related brain potentials; attention and academic performance [23],[41].
	CT: improves EF compared to control children [22].
	PSE: improved cognitive levels significantly [18].
Working memory (WM)	Cogmed WM training: Improved verbal and visuo-spatial WM [32].
Weight loss in obesity			Stimulants and EF training significantly improve the outcome of obesity [24].

*Note: BT – Behaviour Therapy; CBT – Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; CT – Computer-based Cognitive Training; EF – Executive Functioning; ES – Effect size; PSE – Psychoeducation; SMD – Standardized Mean Difference; WM – Working memory.