Table 1.
Preoperative and operative characteristics of the entire cohort
| Entire cohort, N = 452 | Cohort 1: Age < 60 y, N = 200 | Cohort 2: Age ≥ 60 y, N = 252 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 60.4 ± 11.7 | 50.3 ± 8.2 | 68.4 ± 6.7 | <.0001 |
| Male sex | 296 (65.5) | 139 (69.5) | 157 (62.3) | .110 |
| Race, non-White | 107 (23.7) | 60 (30) | 47 (18.7) | .005 |
| Ethnicity, Hispanic | 34 (7.5) | 18 (9%) | 16 (6.4) | .289 |
| Body mass index | 25.9 ± 4.5 | 25.8 ± 4.4 | 25.9 ± 4.6 | .767 |
| Diabetes | 32 (7.1) | 14 (7.2) | 18 (7.1) | .784 |
| Hypertension | 208 (46) | 75 (37.5) | 133 (52.8) | .005 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 113 (25) | 44 (22) | 69 (27.4) | .299 |
| Prior CVA | 12 (2.7) | 5 (2.5) | 7 (2.8) | .974 |
| Congestive heart failure | 82 (18.1) | 35 (17.5) | 47 (18.7) | .758 |
| COPD | 35 (7.7) | 15 (7.5) | 20 (7.9) | .739 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 18 (4) | 4 (2) | 14 (5.6) | .129 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 121 (26.8) | 40 (20) | 81 (31.1) | .015 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 17 (3.8) | 7 (3.5) | 10 (4) | .757 |
| Renal failure requiring dialysis | 8 (1.8) | 4 (2) | 4 (1.6) | .741 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 61.1 ± 8.3 | 61.1 ± 7.5 | 61.2 ± 8.9 | .891 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | ||||
| Previous sternotomy | 14 (3.1) | 5 (2.5) | 9 (3.6) | .514 |
| Previous CABG | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.4%) | .372 |
| Previous MV surgery | 7 (1.6) | 3 (1.5) | 4 (1.6) | .940 |
| Previous any valve | 13 (2.9) | 4 (2) | 9 (3.6) | .321 |
| Preoperative MV pathology (as assessed on echocardiogram) | ||||
| Anterior leaflet | 46 (10.2) | 22 (11) | 24 (9.5) | .67 |
| Posterior leaflet | 337 (74.6) | 145 (72.5) | 192 (76.2) | |
| Bileaflet | 69 (15.3) | 33 (16.5) | 36 (14.3) | |
| Operative characteristics | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min | 84.2 ± 38.4 | 85.6 ± 36.5 | 85.5 ± 39.9 | .424 |
| Crossclamp time, min | 61.8 ± 31.1 | 60.7 ± 30.6 | 62.7 ± 31.5 | .497 |
| Need for second CPB run | 10 (2.2) | 5 (2.5) | 5 (2) | .711 |
| Isolated MV repair | 388 (85.8) | 180 (90) | 208 (82.5) | .024 |
| Minimally invasive MV repair | 301 (66.6) | 144 (72) | 157 (62.3) | .030 |
| Conversion from minimally invasive to sternotomy | 4 (0.9) | 0 | 4 (1.6) | .074 |
| Concomitant procedures | 140 (31) | 52 (26) | 88 (35) | .042 |
| Maze | 76 (16.8) | 27 (13.5) | 49 (19.4) | .093 |
| Aortic valve | 21 (4.7) | 8 (4) | 13 (5.2) | .561 |
| Tricuspid valve | 50 (11.1) | 18 (9) | 32 (12.7) | .213 |
| Pulmonary valve | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | .703 |
| CABG | 20 (4.4) | 4 (2) | 16 (6.4) | .026 |
| Aortic procedure | 20 (4.4) | 5 (2.5) | 15 (6) | .076 |
| IABP | 6 (1.3) | 2 (15) | 4 (1.6) | .588 |
| Atrial septal defect repair | 12 (2.7) | 4 (2) | 8 (3.2) | .440 |
| Septal myectomy | 7 (1.6) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (0.8) | .145 |
| Size of mitral annuloplasty ring, mm | 32 (30, 38) | 32 (30, 34) | 30 (30, 32) | .051∗ |
| Type of MV repair | ||||
| Any anterior leaflet repair | 127 (28.1) | 64 (32) | 63 (25) | .100 |
| Any posterior leaflet repair | 408 (90.3) | 178 (89) | 230 (91.2) | .419 |
| Isolated anterior leaflet repair | 44 (9.7) | 22 (11) | 22 (8.7) | .419 |
| Isolated posterior leaflet repair | 325 (71.9) | 136 (68) | 189 (75) | .100 |
| Bileaflet repair | 83 (18.4) | 42 (21) | 41 (16.3) | .197 |
| Anterior cords | 86 (19) | 41 (20.5) | 45 (17.9) | .477 |
| Posterior cords | 40 (8.9) | 15 (7.5) | 25 (9.9) | .368 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; categorical variables are expressed as frequency (%). Bolded P-values are statistically significant at an alpha level of 0.05. CVA, Cerebral vascular accident; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; MV, mitral valve; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump.
∗
Size of mitral annuloplasty ring expressed as median (25th, 75th percentiles); group differences tested with Wilcoxon rank sum. Concomitant procedures excludes tricuspid valve interventions.