TABLE 1.
Comparison of different photosynthetic lipid architectures for light-induced transmembrane pH gradient generation and ATP synthesis.
| Proteoliposome in aqueous phase | Transmembrane proton motive force | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proton Pump | ATPsyn Source | Lipid compartments | Energy | Efficiency | Ref | |
| BR (patches) Halobacterium halobium | None | Soybean phospholipid SUVs | 200 mW/cm2 | 50–200 nmoles of H+/mg BR | Racker and Stoeckenius, (1974) | |
| BR (monomer) Halobacterium halobium | None | Soybean lecithin SUVs | 400 mW/cm2 | 108 nmol H+/min/BR | Wagner et al. (1987) | |
| Synthetic carotene– porphyrin–naphthoq uinone Molecular Triad | None | PS:DOPC 2:3 M ratio SUVs | 5 mW/cm2 | 0.3 nM H+/min/BR | Steinberg-Yfrach et al. (1997) | |
| RC Rhodobacter sphaeroides | None | POPC GUVs | 200 mW/cm2 | 200 nmol H+/min/RC | Altamura et al. (2017a) | |
| Light-driven ADP phosphorilation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proton Pump | ATPsyn Source | Proteoliposomes | Energy | Efficiency | Ref | |
| BR Halobacterium halobium | Bovine heart mitochondria | Soybean phospholipids SUVs | 200 mW/cm2 | 312 nmol Glucose‐6‐ P/min/mg enzyme | Racker and Stoeckenius, (1974) | |
| BR Halobacterium salinarium | Rhodospirillum rubrum | Soybean lecithin SUVs | 400 mW/cm2 | 280 nmol ATP/min/mg enzyme | Wagner et al. (1987) | |
| Synthetic carotene– porphyrin–naphthoq uinone Molecular Triad | Spinach chloroplasts | PC:PA 10:1, 20 mol% chol SUVs | 0.1 mW/cm2 | 7 ATP/s per enzyme | Steinberg-Yfrach et al. (1998) | |
| BR Halobacterium salinarium | Spinach chloroplasts | PC/PA mixture SUVs | 150 W (white light) | 204 nmol ATP/min/mg enzyme | Richard and Graber, (1992) | |
| BR Halobacterium salinarium | Bacillus PS3 | PC:PA 9:1 SUVs | 800 W (λ = 500–650 nm) | 7 ATP/s per enzyme | Pitard et al. (1996) | |
| PSII from Spinach and BR from Gamma proteobacteriumID: AAG10475 | Bacillus pseudofirmus | DOPC:POPE:DOPS:Chol 2:1:2:1, 1 mol% PEG2000PE SUVs | 1.14 mW/cm2 (λ = 660 nm) | 4.3 ATP/s per enzyme | Lee et al. (2018) | |
| BR Halobacterium salinarum R1 | Bacillus PS3 | Soybean PC, 30 mol% chol SUVs | 10 W/cm2 (λ = 500 nm) | 8.3 ATP/s per enzyne | Berhanu et al. (2019) | |
| RC/bc1 Rhodobacter spheroides | Rhodobacter sphaeroides | Bacterial Chromatophores | 25 mW/cm2 (λ = 860 nm) | 80 ATP/s per enzyme | Altamura et al. (2021b) | |
| Multicompartment GUVs | Light‐driven ADP phosphorilation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proton Pump | ATPsyn Source | Organelles in GUVs | Energy | Efficiency | Ref | |
| PSII from Spinach and BR from Gamma proteobacterium ID: AAG10475 | B. pseudofirmus | DOPC:POPE:DOPS:Chol 2:1:2:1, 1 mol% PEG2000PE SUVs in POPC:POPE:POPG:Chol 2:1:1:1 GUVs | 1.14 mW/cm2 (λ = 660 nm) | Not explicitly reported | Lee et al. (2018) | |
| BR Halobacterium salinarum R1 | Bacillus PS3 | Soybean PC, 30% Chol SUVs in POPC:Chol:PEG2000PE 5.75:4:0.25 GUVs | 10 W/cm2 (λ = 500 nm) | 5 µM ATP/min per GUV | Berhanu et al. (2019) | |
| RC/bc1 Rhodobacter sphaeroides | R. sphaeroides | Bacterial Chromatophores in POPC GUVs | 25 mW/cm2 (λ = 860 nm) | 1.3 µM ATP/min per GUV | Altamura et al. (2021b) | |
List of symbols: Chol, cholesterol; PA, phosphatidic acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PS, phosphatidylserine; DOPC, Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; DOPS, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine; POPE, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine; POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; POPG, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol); PEG, Poly (ethylene glycol); GUVs, Giant Unilamellar Vesicles; SUVs, Small Unilamellar Vesicles.