. 2023 Apr 12;23:150. doi: 10.1186/s12883-023-03176-9

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Authors (year)	Study period Data collection procedure Recruitment of participants Country Continent(s)	Diseases Population Diagnostic criteria Sample size, n Age, mean Sex, female / male	Health controls Sample size, n Age, mean Sex, female / male	(1) Neuropsychiatric disorders, (2) Sleep disorders and (3) Quality of life Outcome(s) / Tool(s) / p-value / Effect size (95% confidence interval)
Balci et al. 2021 [31]	Between March to June 2020 Phone Laboratory database Turkey Europe and Asia	PD UKPDSBB 45 67.0 years 15 female; 30 male	43 66.0 years 19 female; 24 male	(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.524 / - (1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 0.977 / -
(2) -
(3) -
Blakemore et al. 2021 [32]	Between April to May 2020 Phone or online Laboratory database (New Zealand Brain Research Institute) New Zealand Oceania	PD - 149 72.0 years -	51 78.0 years -	(1) Stress / PSS / p > 99% / 0.55 (0.23 to 0.88)
(2) -
(3) -
Kitani-Morii et al. 2021 [33]	Between April to May 2020 Phone or e-mail University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan Asia	PD - 39 72.3 years 14 female; 25 male	32 66.4 years 27 female; 5 male	(1) Depression / PHQ / p 0.010 / - (1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.130 / -
(2) Insomnia / ISI / p 0.170 / -
(3) -
Suzuki et al. 2021 [34]	Between June to December 2020 - Dokkyo Medical University Hospital Japan Asia	PD MDS 100 72.2 years 55 female, 45 male	100 65.5 years 53 female; 47 male	(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.585 / - (1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 1.000 / -
(2) -
(3) Quality of life / SF-8-physical function / p < 0.001 / -0.63 (-0.92 to -0.35); SF-8-role physical / p < 0.001 / -0.54 (-0.82 to -0.26); SF-8-bodily pain / p 0.055 / -0.27 (-0.55 to 0.01); SF-8-general health / p 0.001 / -0.49 (-0.78 to -0.21); SF-8-vitality / p < 0.001 / -0.61 (-0.90 to -0.33); SF-8-social functioning / p 0.949 / -0.01 (-0.29 to 0.27); SF-8-role emotional / p 0.490 / -0.09 (-0.37 to 0.19); SF-8-mental health / p 0.804 / -0.04 (-0.32 to 0.23); SF-8-physical component / p < 0.001 / -0.72 (-1.00 to -0.43); SF-8-mental component / p 0.349 / 0.13 (-0.15 to 0.40)
Salari et al. 2020 [28]	- Online Movement Disorders Center Iran Asia	PD - 137 55.0 years 90 female; 47 male	442 - -	(1) Anxiety / BAI-II / p < 0.001 / 1.04 (0.84 to 1.24)
(2) -
(3) -
Shalash et al. 2020 [29]	- Phone Ain Shams University Hospitals Egypt Africa and Asia	PD - 38 55.6 years 9 female; 29 male	20 55.5 years 6 female; 14 male	(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.015 / 0.68 (0.12 to 1.24) (1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p 0.001 / 0.84 (0.27 to 1.40) (1) Stress / DASS-stress / p 0.028 / 0.62 (0.06 to 1.17)
(2) -
(3) Quality of life / PDQ-39 / p < 0.001 / 0.85 (0.29 to 1.42)
Xia et al. 2020 [30]	April 2020 Online Neurology clinic in Wuhan China Asia	PD UKPDSBB 119 61.2 years 58 female; 61 male	169 59.8 years 93 female; 76 male	(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.022 / 0.27 (0.03 to 0.51) (1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 0.579 / 0.07 (-0.16 to 0.31)
(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p < 0.001 / 0.74 (0.50 to 0.98)
(3) -
Goverover et al. 2022 [43]	Between July to October 2020 Online Web-based (unspecific) United States North America	MS - 69 48.1 years - (unclear information)	95 42.9 years 79 female; 16 male	(1) -
(2) -
(3) Quality of life / FACT-7 / p < 0.001 / 1.07 (0.74 to 1.40)
Koc et al. 2022 [44]	Between January to February 2021 Face-to-face interviews Neurology Clinic of Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine Turkey Europe and Asia	MS - 86 38.1 years 57 female; 29 male	65 38.0 years 43 femanle; 22 male	(1) Depression / BDI / p < 0.001 / - (1) Anxiety / BAI / p 0.010 / -
(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.731 / -
(3) Quality of life / SF-36-physical functioning / p < 0.001 / -; SF-36-physical role limitations / p 0.001 / -; SF-36-emotional role limitations / p 0.080 / -; SF-36-vitality / p 0.010 / -; SF-36-emotional well-being / p 0.055 / -; SF-36-social functioning / p 0.650 / -; SF-36-pain / p 0.128 / -; SF-36-general health / p < 0.001 / -
Yeni, Tulek and Terzi, 2022 [45]	December 2020 Online Neurology outpatient clinic of a University Hospital Turkey Europe and Asia	MS - 89 41.1 years 56 female; 33 male	262 38.1 years 135 female; 127 male	(1) Depression / BDI / p 0.001 / 0.39 (0.14 to 0.63) (1) Anxiety / WAQ / p 0.001 / 0.35 ( 0.11 to 0.59)
(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.906 / 0.01 (-0.23 to 0.25)
(3) -
Bonavita et al. 2021 [38]	April 2020 Online Web-based (unspecific) Italy Europe	MS - 612 43.0 years 465 female; 147 male	674 44.0 years 490 female; 184 male	(1) Depression / PHQ / p < 0.001 / - (1) Stress / PSS / p < 0.001 / -
(2) -
(3) -
Costabile et al. 2021 [39]	Between April to May 2020 Online Web-based (unspecific) Italy Europe	MS - 497 42.4 years 351 female; 146 male	348 40.8 years 264 female; 84 male	(1) -
(2) -
(3) Quality of life / NeuroQoL-cognitive disfunction / p < 0.0001 / 0.50 (0.37 to 0.64); NeuroQoL-abstraction and logical abilities / p 0.1 / -0.34 (-0.48 to -0.21); NeuroQoL-depression / p 0.005 / 0.25 (0.12 to 0.39); NeuroQoL-anxiety / p 0.064 / 0.20 (0.06 to 0.34); NeuroQoL-emotional dyscontrol / p 0.015 / 0.21 (0.07 to 0.35); NeuroQoL-sleep disturbances / p 0.017 / 0.22 (0.08 to 0.36)
Garjani et al. 2021 [40]	Between May to July 2020 Online Laboratory database (United Kingdom MS Register) United Kingdom Europe	MS - 2010 56.0 years 1488 female; 522 male	380 49.0 years 248 female; 132	(1) Depression / PHQ / p 0.002 / - (1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.081 / - (1) Stress / IES-R / p 0.52 / -
(2) -
(3) -
Shaygannejad, Afshari-Safavi and Hatef, 2021 [41]	Between March to April 2020 Online Kashani Hospital Iran Asia	MS McDonald’s 223 35.9 years 183 female; 40 male	245 34.2 years 185 female; 60 male	(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.054 / 0.36 (0.17 to 0.54) (1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p 0.080 / 0.36 (0.18 to 0.54) (1) Stress / DASS-stress / p 0.011 / 0.38 (0.20 to 0.56)
(2) -
(3) -
Stojanov et al. 2021 [42]	Between April to May 2020 - Laboratory database Republic of Serbia Europe	MS McDonald’s 67 45.1 years 45 female; 22 male	85 44.2 years 56 female; 29 male	(1) -
(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p < 0.01 / 1.74 (1.36 to 2.12)
(3) -
Motolese et al. 2020 [35]	Between April to May 2020 Online Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico Italy Europe	MS - 60 < 50 years (n = 40); > 50 years (n = 20) 41 female; 19 male	50 < 50 years (n = 34); > 50 years (n = 16) 31 female; 19 male	(1) Depression / BDI-total / p 0.010 / 0.33 (-0.05 to 0.70); BDI-neuroveg / p 0.006 / 0.44 (0.06 to 0.82); BDI-cognitive / p 0.152 / 0.26 (-0.12 to 0.64) (1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.0331 / -0.31 (-0.69 to 0.07)
(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.001 / 0.67 (0.28 to 1.05)
(3) -
Stojanov et al. 2020 [36]	April 2020 - Laboratory database Republic of Serbia Europe	MS McDonald’s 95 43.4 years 64 female; 31 male	99 44.3 years 66 female; 33 male	(1) Depression / HAM-D / p < 0.01 / 2.08 (1.73 to 2.43) (1) Anxiety / HAM-A / p < 0.01 / 1.84 (1.50 to 2.18)
(2) -
(3) Quality of life / MSQoL-54-mental health / p < 0.01 / -1.57 (-1.89 to -1.25); MSQoL-54-physical health / p < 0.01 / -2.31 (-2.67 to -1.94)
Talaat et al. 2020 [37]	Between March to April 2020 Online Alexandria University Hospital Egypt Africa and Asia	MS McDonald’s 115 34.4 years 89 female; 26 male	129 31.7 years 93 female; 36 male	(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.001 / 0.54 (0.28 to 0.79) (1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p < 0.001 / 0.40 (0.15 to 0.66) (1) Stress / DASS-stress / p < 0.001 / 1.01 (0.75 to 1.28)
(2) -
(3) -

Authors (year)

Study period
Data collection procedure
Recruitment of participants
Country
Continent(s)

Diseases
Population
Diagnostic criteria
Sample size, n
Age, mean
Sex, female / male

Health controls
Sample size, n
Age, mean
Sex, female / male

(1) Neuropsychiatric disorders, (2) Sleep disorders and (3) Quality of life
Outcome(s) / Tool(s) / p-value / Effect size (95% confidence interval)

Balci et al. 2021 [31]

Between March to June 2020

Phone

Laboratory database

Turkey

Europe and Asia

UKPDSBB

67.0 years

15 female; 30 male

66.0 years

19 female; 24 male

(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.524 / -

(1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 0.977 / -

(2) -

(3) -

Blakemore et al. 2021 [32]

Between April to May 2020

Phone or online

Laboratory database (New Zealand Brain Research Institute)

New Zealand

Oceania

149

72.0 years

78.0 years

(1) Stress / PSS / p > 99% / 0.55 (0.23 to 0.88)

(2) -

(3) -

Kitani-Morii et al. 2021 [33]

Between April to May 2020

Phone or e-mail

University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine

Japan

Asia

72.3 years

14 female; 25 male

66.4 years

27 female; 5 male

(1) Depression / PHQ / p 0.010 / -

(1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.130 / -

(2) Insomnia / ISI / p 0.170 / -

(3) -

Suzuki et al. 2021 [34]

Between June to December 2020

Dokkyo Medical University Hospital

Japan

Asia

MDS

100

72.2 years

55 female, 45 male

100

65.5 years

53 female; 47 male

(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.585 / -

(1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 1.000 / -

(2) -

(3) Quality of life / SF-8-physical function / p < 0.001 / -0.63 (-0.92 to -0.35); SF-8-role physical / p < 0.001 / -0.54 (-0.82 to -0.26); SF-8-bodily pain / p 0.055 / -0.27 (-0.55 to 0.01); SF-8-general health / p 0.001 / -0.49 (-0.78 to -0.21); SF-8-vitality / p < 0.001 / -0.61 (-0.90 to -0.33); SF-8-social functioning / p 0.949 / -0.01 (-0.29 to 0.27); SF-8-role emotional / p 0.490 / -0.09 (-0.37 to 0.19); SF-8-mental health / p 0.804 / -0.04 (-0.32 to 0.23); SF-8-physical component / p < 0.001 / -0.72 (-1.00 to -0.43); SF-8-mental component / p 0.349 / 0.13 (-0.15 to 0.40)

Salari et al. 2020 [28]

Online

Movement Disorders Center

Iran

Asia

137

55.0 years

90 female; 47 male

442

(1) Anxiety / BAI-II / p < 0.001 / 1.04 (0.84 to 1.24)

(2) -

(3) -

Shalash et al. 2020 [29]

Phone

Ain Shams University Hospitals

Egypt

Africa and Asia

55.6 years

9 female; 29 male

55.5 years

6 female; 14 male

(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.015 / 0.68 (0.12 to 1.24)

(1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p 0.001 / 0.84 (0.27 to 1.40)

(1) Stress / DASS-stress / p 0.028 / 0.62 (0.06 to 1.17)

(2) -

(3) Quality of life / PDQ-39 / p < 0.001 / 0.85 (0.29 to 1.42)

Xia et al. 2020 [30]

April 2020

Online

Neurology clinic in Wuhan

China

Asia

UKPDSBB

119

61.2 years

58 female; 61 male

169

59.8 years

93 female; 76 male

(1) Depression / HADS-depression / p 0.022 / 0.27 (0.03 to 0.51)

(1) Anxiety / HADS-anxiety / p 0.579 / 0.07 (-0.16 to 0.31)

(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p < 0.001 / 0.74 (0.50 to 0.98)

(3) -

Goverover et al. 2022 [43]

Between July to October 2020

Online

Web-based (unspecific)

United States

North America

48.1 years

- (unclear information)

42.9 years

79 female; 16 male

(1) -

(2) -

(3) Quality of life / FACT-7 / p < 0.001 / 1.07 (0.74 to 1.40)

Koc et al. 2022 [44]

Between January to February 2021

Face-to-face interviews

Neurology Clinic of Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine

Turkey

Europe and Asia

38.1 years

57 female; 29 male

38.0 years

43 femanle; 22 male

(1) Depression / BDI / p < 0.001 / -

(1) Anxiety / BAI / p 0.010 / -

(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.731 / -

(3) Quality of life / SF-36-physical functioning / p < 0.001 / -; SF-36-physical role limitations / p 0.001 / -; SF-36-emotional role limitations / p 0.080 / -; SF-36-vitality / p 0.010 / -; SF-36-emotional well-being / p 0.055 / -; SF-36-social functioning / p 0.650 / -; SF-36-pain / p 0.128 / -; SF-36-general health / p < 0.001 / -

Yeni, Tulek and Terzi, 2022 [45]

December 2020

Online

Neurology outpatient clinic of a University Hospital

Turkey

Europe and Asia

41.1 years

56 female; 33 male

262

38.1 years

135 female; 127 male

(1) Depression / BDI / p 0.001 / 0.39 (0.14 to 0.63)

(1) Anxiety / WAQ / p 0.001 / 0.35 ( 0.11 to 0.59)

(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.906 / 0.01 (-0.23 to 0.25)

(3) -

Bonavita et al. 2021 [38]

April 2020

Online

Web-based (unspecific)

Italy

Europe

612

43.0 years

465 female; 147 male

674

44.0 years

490 female; 184 male

(1) Depression / PHQ / p < 0.001 / -

(1) Stress / PSS / p < 0.001 / -

(2) -

(3) -

Costabile et al. 2021 [39]

Between April to May 2020

Online

Web-based (unspecific)

Italy

Europe

497

42.4 years

351 female; 146 male

348

40.8 years

264 female; 84 male

(1) -

(2) -

(3) Quality of life / NeuroQoL-cognitive disfunction / p < 0.0001 / 0.50 (0.37 to 0.64); NeuroQoL-abstraction and logical abilities / p 0.1 / -0.34 (-0.48 to -0.21); NeuroQoL-depression / p 0.005 / 0.25 (0.12 to 0.39); NeuroQoL-anxiety / p 0.064 / 0.20 (0.06 to 0.34); NeuroQoL-emotional dyscontrol / p 0.015 / 0.21 (0.07 to 0.35); NeuroQoL-sleep disturbances / p 0.017 / 0.22 (0.08 to 0.36)

Garjani et al. 2021 [40]

Between May to July 2020

Online

Laboratory database (United Kingdom MS Register)

United Kingdom

Europe

2010

56.0 years

1488 female; 522 male

380

49.0 years

248 female; 132

(1) Depression / PHQ / p 0.002 / -

(1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.081 / -

(1) Stress / IES-R / p 0.52 / -

(2) -

(3) -

Shaygannejad, Afshari-Safavi and Hatef, 2021 [41]

Between March to April 2020

Online

Kashani Hospital

Iran

Asia

McDonald’s

223

35.9 years

183 female; 40 male

245

34.2 years

185 female; 60 male

(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.054 / 0.36 (0.17 to 0.54)

(1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p 0.080 / 0.36 (0.18 to 0.54)

(1) Stress / DASS-stress / p 0.011 / 0.38 (0.20 to 0.56)

(2) -

(3) -

Stojanov et al. 2021 [42]

Between April to May 2020

Laboratory database

Republic of Serbia

Europe

McDonald’s

45.1 years

45 female; 22 male

44.2 years

56 female; 29 male

(1) -

(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p < 0.01 / 1.74 (1.36 to 2.12)

(3) -

Motolese et al. 2020 [35]

Between April to May 2020

Online

Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico

Italy

Europe

< 50 years (n = 40); > 50 years (n = 20)

41 female; 19 male

< 50 years (n = 34); > 50 years (n = 16)

31 female; 19 male

(1) Depression / BDI-total / p 0.010 / 0.33 (-0.05 to 0.70); BDI-neuroveg / p 0.006 / 0.44 (0.06 to 0.82); BDI-cognitive / p 0.152 / 0.26 (-0.12 to 0.64)

(1) Anxiety / GAD / p 0.0331 / -0.31 (-0.69 to 0.07)

(2) Sleep quality / PSQI / p 0.001 / 0.67 (0.28 to 1.05)

(3) -

Stojanov et al. 2020 [36]

April 2020

Laboratory database

Republic of Serbia

Europe

McDonald’s

43.4 years

64 female; 31 male

44.3 years

66 female; 33 male

(1) Depression / HAM-D / p < 0.01 / 2.08 (1.73 to 2.43)

(1) Anxiety / HAM-A / p < 0.01 / 1.84 (1.50 to 2.18)

(2) -

(3) Quality of life / MSQoL-54-mental health / p < 0.01 / -1.57 (-1.89 to -1.25); MSQoL-54-physical health / p < 0.01 / -2.31 (-2.67 to -1.94)

Talaat et al. 2020 [37]

Between March to April 2020

Online

Alexandria University Hospital

Egypt

Africa and Asia

McDonald’s

115

34.4 years

89 female; 26 male

129

31.7 years

93 female; 36 male

(1) Depression / DASS-depression / p 0.001 / 0.54 (0.28 to 0.79)

(1) Anxiety / DASS-anxiety / p < 0.001 / 0.40 (0.15 to 0.66)

(1) Stress / DASS-stress / p < 0.001 / 1.01 (0.75 to 1.28)

(2) -

(3) -

PD Parkinson’s disease, MS Multiple Sclerosis, MDS Movement Disorder Society, UKPDSBB United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank, n sample size, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory-II, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, DASS Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, FACT-7 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-7, GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Scale, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, MSQoL-54 Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 Instrument, NeuroQoL Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders, PDQ-39 Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, SF-8 Short Form of Quality of Life-8, SF-36 Short Form of Quality of Life-36, WAQ Worry and Anxiety Questionnaire