Table 4. Comparative Analysis of Different Reported Strategies for Producing Panthenyl Ester Products.
| entry | acyl donor (mmol) | molar ratioa | solvent (mL) | catalyst (g) | temp (°C) | time (h) | yield (%) | products (% Sel)b | productivity (g/L·h) | PMI (S&R; Sv)c | E | EcoScale | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | acetic anhydride (4.4) | 1:8 | none | DMAP (2.0) | 80 | 9 | 78 | panthenyl triacetate (100%) | 33 | 3.8 (3.8; 0.0) | 3.2 | 68 | (11) |
| 2 | methyl acrylate (10,000) | 1:10 | acetone (200) | N435 (10.0) | 40 | 2.5 | 96 | panthenyl monoacrylate (99.0%) and diacrylate (1.0%) | 3.2 | 8.1 (4.3; 3.8) | 7.1 | 69 | (13) |
| 3 | isopropyl acetate (30) | 1:2 | ACN (100) | N435 (1.0) | 30 | 20 | 100 | panthenyl diacetate (100%) | 2.1 | 19.4 (1.4; 18.0) | 19.5 | 73 | (12) |
| 4 | lauric acid (125) | 1:1 | none | N435 (0.6) | 60 | 4 | 90 | panthenyl monolaurate (100%) | 217.6 | 1.2 (1.2; 0.0) | 0.2 | 91.8 | this work |
a
Molar ratio of panthenol:acyl donor.
b
Selectivity.
c
S&R, substrates and reagents; Sv, solvents; DMAP, dimethylaminopyridine; ACN, acetonitrile.