22. Interventions for symptomatic PDA: serum/plasma levels of creatinine after treatment.

		Comparison
		Indomethacin	Ibuprofen	Placebo/no treatment
	Ibuprofen	Ibuprofen IV/PO vs indomethacin IV/PO* ‐8.12 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐10.81 to ‐5.43; 11 RCTs, N = 918; low‐certainty evidence	Ibuprofen PO vs ibuprofen IV* ‐22.47 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐32.40 to ‐12.53; 2 RCTs, N = 170; low‐certainty evidence	Ibuprofen IV vs placebo/no treatment* 29.17 µmol/L, 95% CI 12.60 to 45.74; 1 RCT, N = 134
			Ibuprofen high‐dose vs standard‐dose* 8.84 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐4.41 to 22.09; 1 RCT, N = 60
		Ibuprofen PO vs indomethacin IV/PO* ‐0.51 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐6.04 to 5.01; 5 RCTs, N = 190; very low‐certainty evidence	Ibuprofen IV: echocardiography‐guided vs standard administration* ‐11.49 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐29.88 to 6.90; 1 RCT, N = 49
			Ibuprofen IV: continuous infusion vs intermittent bolus* 2.10 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐4.92 to 9.12; 1 RCT, N = 111
			Ibuprofen PR vs PO* ‐6.18 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐7.22 to ‐5.14; 1 RCT, N = 72
	Indomethacin + dopamine	2.04 µmol/L, 95% CI ‐17.90 to +21.97; 2 RCTs, N = 59	‐	‐

CI confidence interval;IV: intravenous; PO: per os; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; PMA: post‐menstrual age; PR: per rectum; RCT: randomised controlled trials; RD: risk difference; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity; vs: versus

Reference is the listed comparison therapy, unless otherwise indicated by *

Differences between intervention and comparison provided as risk ratio (RR), unless otherwise specified; certainty of evidence added when available from review