Table 4.
Characteristics of records flagged positive by AHRQ PSI 11.
| Characteristic | All Flagged Records 437 (100%) | True Positives Clinical 414 (94.7%) | False Positives Clinical 23 (5.3%) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age (y), median (IQR) | 62.0 (52.0–70.0) | 62.5 (52.0–70.0) | 56.0 (51.0–70.0) | 0.36 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 212 (48.5) | 203 (49) | 9 (39.1) | 0.36 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.83 | |||
| White | 309 (70.7) | 294 (71) | 15 (65.2) | |
| Black | 21 (4.8) | 20 (4.8) | 1 (4.4) | |
| Asian | 42 (9.6) | 39 (9.4) | 3 (13) | |
| Other | 65 (14.9) | 61 (14.7) | 4 (17.4) | |
| Hospital, n (%) | 0.07 | |||
| Site 1 | 64 (14.7) | 57 (89.1) | 7 (10.9) | |
| Site 2 | 125 (28.6) | 117 (93.6) | 8 (6.4) | |
| Site 3 | 86 (19.7) | 85 (98.8) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Site 4 | 84 (19.2) | 79 (94.0) | 5 (6.0) | |
| Site 5 | 78 (17.9) | 76 (97.4) | 2 (2.6) | |
| Hospital length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 15.0 (8.0–29.0) | 15.0 (8.0–30.0) | 10.0 (6.0–19.0) | 0.01 |
| ICU length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 4.0 (1.0–13.0) | 4.0 (1.0–14.0) | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.01 |
| Postoperative day PRF criterion occurred, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–5.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.1 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 27.4 (23.4–32.3) | 27.4 (23.5–32.4) | 26.9 (23.0–30.4) | 0.71 |
| Duration of anesthesia care, minutes, median (IQR) | 411.0 (271.0–561.0) | 405.5 (268.0–554.5) | 464.0 (334.0–647.0) | 0.13 |
| Duration of surgical procedure, minutes, median (IQR) | 284.0 (176.0–443.0) | 278.0 (171.5–441.5) | 362.0 (207.0–520.0) | 0.19 |
| Intraoperative | ||||
| Maximum positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), cm H2O, median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 5.0 (5.0–7.0) | 0.39 |
| Maximum peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), cm H2O, median (IQR) | 26.0 (22.0–32.0) | 26.0 (22.0–32.0) | 23.0 (20.0–28.0) | 0.02 |
| Maximum tidal volume, mL/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 9.33 (8.01–10.70) | 9.30 (7.97–10.63) | 9.54 (8.97–11.29) | 0.12 |
| Morphine equivalent dose, mg/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 0.36 (0.23–0.66) | 0.36 (0.23–0.66) | 0.41 (0.31–0.67) | 0.45 |
| Benzodiazepine equivalent dose, mg/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 0.11 (0.00–0.15) | 0.11 (0.00–0.15) | 0.12 (0.05–0.17) | 0.19 |
| Net intraoperative fluid, mL/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 34.73 (16.14–64.81) | 33.73 (16.42–65.37) | 38.17 (14.61–49.66) | 0.57 |
| Other | ||||
| Net fluid during the first 24-postoperative hours, mL/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 32.88 (11.46–64.55) | 33.03 (11.23–67.15) | 25.67 (12.88–56.28) | 0.79 |
| Net fluid given intraoperatively plus the first 24-postoperative hours, mL/kg ideal body weight, median (IQR) | 67.10 (34.04–121.59) | 67.51 (34.93–121.90) | 59.29 (30.06–102.09) | 0.58 |
| Comorbid Conditions | ||||
| American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class, n (%) | 0.56 | |||
| I | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| II | 74 (16.9) | 68 (16.4) | 6 (26.1) | |
| III | 316 (72.3) | 301 (72.7) | 15 (65.2) | |
| IV | 44 (10.1) | 42 (10.1) | 2 (8.7) | |
| V | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Not assessed | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 105 (24.0) | 99 (23.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.81 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 64 (14.7) | 62 (15.0) | 2 (8.7) | 0.55 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 41 (9.4) | 38 (9.2) | 3 (13) | 0.37 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 41 (9.4) | 37 (8.9) | 4 (17.4) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 97 (22.2) | 90 (21.7) | 7 (30.4) | 0.33 |
| Functional status, n (%) | 0.09 | |||
| Independent | 406 (92.9) | 386 (93.2) | 20 (87) | |
| Partially dependent | 23 (5.3) | 22 (5.3) | 1 (4.4) | |
| Totally dependent | 8 (1.8) | 6 (1.5) | 2 (8.7) | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), n (%) | 131 (30) | 127 (30.7) | 4 (17.4) | 0.13 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 15 (3.4) | 14 (3.4) | 1 (4.4) | 0.54 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 239 (54.7) | 228 (55.1) | 11 (47.8) | 0.50 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 56 (12.8) | 55 (13.3) | 1 (4.4) | 0.18 |
| Anatomic region of surgical procedurea, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Head/Soft Tissue Neck | 73 (16.7) | 65 (15.7) | 8 (34.8) | |
| Cervical Spine | 15 (3.4) | 14 (3.4) | 1 (4.4) | |
| Chest | 5 (1.1) | 4 (1) | 1 (4.4) | |
| Abdomen/Pelvis | 201 (46) | 198 (47.8) | 3 (13) | |
| Thoracolumbar Spine | 35 (8) | 32 (7.7) | 3 (13) | |
| Extremity | 19 (4.4) | 17(4.1) | 2 (8.7) | |
| Percutaneous/Endoscopic | 45 (10.3) | 44 (10.6) | 1 (4.4) | |
| Unable to Determineb | 44 (10.1) | 40 (9.7) | 4 (17.4) | |
| Death (in-hospital), n (%) | 75 (17.2) | 74 (17.9) | 1 (4.4) | 0.07 |
a
All are open approach surgical procedures categorized by anatomical region with the exception of the “Percutaneous/Endoscopic” category, which includes all non- and minimally-invasive surgical approaches regardless of anatomical region.
b
This categorization is based solely on ICD-9-CM procedure codes and, as such, the anatomical location could not be determined in a small percentage of records.