Table 2.
Combination therapies based on CDT in recent years.
| Therapeutic agents | CDT agent | Material | Shape and size (nm) | In vitro | In vivo | Cell viability (c [μg/mL]) |
Enhanced strategies | Ref, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDT- chemotherapy | ||||||||
| Dox | Fe2+ | Dox@Cu2O-PEG NCs | Spherical cluster, 78.36 | MCF-7 | MCF-7 | 15% (2) | Self-supplying H2O2 | 52, 2020 |
| CPT | Fe2+/ Fe3+ | MIL53@F-@cancer cell membranes | Hexagonal, 120 |
MCF-7 | Hep 22 | 27% (100) | CPT replenishes H2O2, cancer cell membrane endows immune escaping | 54, 2022 |
| BTZ | Hemin-Zn complexes | He-Zn@HA-BTZ | Quadrilateral, 140-150 | MDA-MB-231 | MDA-MB-231 | 25% (2.5 uM) | Self-supplying Fenton catalyst and H2O2, repolarizing macrophages from M2 to M1 | 55, 2022 |
| β-lapa | Cu2+ | β-lapa@Cu-PMs | Spherical core-shell, 120 | SMMC-7721, A549,4T1 | SMMC-7721 | 10% (200) | Heightening intracellular H2O2, GSH dominated copper transfer | 57, 2022 |
| (Oxa(IV) | Mn2+ | HSA-Oxa(IV) - HSA- Mn2+/GOD | Spherical, 140 | 4T1, MCF-7, B16F10 |
4T1 | IC50: 4.33 | The conversion of the Oxa(IV) into Oxa(II) was beneficial for the consumption of GSH, GOD upregulated the H2O2 level | 58, 2022 |
| CDT-PDT | ||||||||
| Ce6 | Mn2+ | MnO2-doped CeO2 load with Ce6 | Rod, length:130 width:15 | HeLa | Lewis | 15.6% (Ce6: 8) | Ce6 induced oxygen starvation triggers the generation of H2O2 | 69, 2022 |
| TPyP | Mn2+ | H-MnO2@TPyP@Bro | Hollow sphere, 240 | MCF-7 | MCF-7 | 20% (300) | Producing O2, Bro promotes the accumulation of H-MnO2@TPyP@Bro | 77, 2022 |
| 4-DCF-MPYM | Cu2+ | CaO2-FM@Cu-ONS@HC | Sphere, 120.4 | HeLa, 4T1, COS-7 | 4T1 | 10% (100) | O2/H2O2 self-sufficient | 78, 2022 |
| Fe/Mn-ZIF-8 | Fe2+/Mn2 | lanthanide-doped NPs @Fe/Mn-ZIF-8 | Sphere, 75.4 | HeLa | U14 | 10.2% (500) | Dual doping of Fe2+/Mn2+ decreases the bandgap of the ZIF-8 photosensitizer/ GSH depletion | 84, 2022 |
| CDT-PTT | ||||||||
| Carbon dots | Fe2+/ Fe3+ | RCDs@MIL-100 | Polyhedral, 180 | 4T1, HC11 | 4T1 | 5% (1000) | GSH depletion/ hyperthermal-enhanced CDT | 89, 2022 |
| BODIPY | Fe2+ | (BODIPY)-Fe (III) | Spherical, 40 | HeLa | HeLa | 10% (50) | Outstanding Fenton catalytic performance/ strong NIR-II absorbing ability | 91, 2020 |
| CuS | Cu2+ | Cu-MOF [Cu- (bpy)2(OTf)2] | Square, side lengths 1.2 μm | CT-26 | CT-26 | 19.1% (500 uM) | H2S consumption, CuS generated in situ, smaller CuS enhances Fenton-like reaction | 96, 2022 |
| CoS QDs | CoS QDs | CoS QDs | 5.8 nm | LO2, A431, MDA-MB-231, 4T1 | 4T1 | 4T1:20% (1 mM) A431:40% (1 mM) | Regulating the photothermal conversion efficiency, promoting the Fenton catalytic capability, hyperthermal-enhanced CDT |
100, 2022 |
| CDT-SDT | ||||||||
| Fe-porphyrin | Fe2+ | MMSN@Au-Fe(TPP)@LM | Spiky, 302.2 ± 1.4 | HUVEC, B16F10 | B16F10 | 20% (200) | Producing H2O2, US augmentes cascade-catalytic | 112, 2022 |
| Ce6 | Cu2+ | Cu/CaCO3@Ce6 | Approximately spherical | 4T1 | 4T1 | <10% (100) | self-supply of oxygen, Ca2+ overloading-sensitizes CDT/SDT, GSH deprivation | 114, 2022 |
| TiO2/Ti3C2 | Cu2+ | Ti3C2/CuO2/BSA | Nanosheet,189 | U87 | U87 | <40% (Ti:50 μg/mL) | In situ generation of sonosensitizers, H2O2 generation, enhanced separation of e-and h+ | 118, 2022 |
| BaTiO3 | Cu2+ | Cu2-xO-BTO | Cubic, 162.3 ± 3.5 | NIH-3T3, 4T1 | 4T1 | 18.9% (400) | Continuous accumulation of electrons and holes, electron-hole pairs separation and migration | 119, 2022 |
| Au NPs | Mn2+ | Au-MnO NPs | Snowman, 20 | MCF-7 | 97H | <40% (200) | Generation smaller Au NPs in situ, numerous cavitation nucleation sites | 121, 2020 |
| CDT-RT | ||||||||
| CaO2/Fe3+/ ZIF-8) | Fe2+/ Fe3+ | CaO2/Fe3+/ ZIF-8 | Spherical, 45.52 | patient-derived cancer cells | patient-derived cancer cells | <25% (200) | Self- sufficient H2O2, O2 | 125, 2020 |
| Hf-BPY | Fe2+ | (Hf-BPY-Fe) | Octahedral, 100 | HeLa | HeLa | 24.5% (80 ppm) | Electron-rich environment accelerates the reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ | 131, 2020 |
| SnS2/Fe3O4 | Fe2+/ Fe3+ | SnS2@Fe3O4 NPs | Hetero-geneous nanoparticle | HeLa, HUVECs | HeLa | 40% (90) | X-ray enhances Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling for CDT | 134, 2021 |
| SPIONCs | Fe2+ | SPIONCs | Spherical-like, 60-200 | NCI-H460 | H460 | 28.9% (90) | Increasing the production of H2O2 | 136, 2022 |
| CDT-MHT | ||||||||
| iron oxide | Fe2+ | GOD/iron oxide nanocatalysts | flower-like | PC3 | PC3 | <10% (100) | Down-regulate HSP expression, supplying abundant H2O2 | 148, 2020 |
| Fe3O4 | Fe2+ | Fe3O4 | Nanospheres, 300 | 4T1 | 4T1 | <40% (100) | Suppressing the expression of HSP70 and HSP90, heat facilitates CDT | 149, 2020 |
| MnFe2O4 | Fe2+ | Ir@ MnFe2O4 | NPs: 11.24 ± 1.11 nm | HeLa | HeLa | 14% (400) | depletion of GSH, Enhanced cell sensitivity to MHT | 150, 2020 |
| CDT-immunotherapy | ||||||||
| αPDL1 | Fe2+/ Fe3+ | GOx/αPDL1/OEGCG/Fe3+/POEGMA-b-PTKDOPA | 110.3 ± 7.2 | 4T1 | 4T1 | 10% (GOx: 1 U/mL) | Producing H2O2, enhanced immunogenic cell death | 161,2022 |
| Bacterium substrate | Au@Pt | E. coli/Au@Pt | core-shell,575 | HeLa, COS-7, HepG2, B16-F10 | B16-F10 | IC50 :0.6 ppm | Weaken the GSH, tumor targeting ability of bacteria | 164, 2021 |
| Ferrocene - MOF/Vk3 | Fe2+ | Ferrocene - MOF/Vk3 | 150.2 ± 22.6 | L929, 4T1 | 4T1 | 15% (Vk3:100) | Vk3- mediated H2O2 producing, promoting DC maturation | 165, 2023 |
| MnOx | Mn2+ | MnOx- ovalbumin | Nanospikes | 4T1 | 4T1 | 30% (800) | Ultrahigh loading efficiencies for ovalbumin and tumor cell fragment | 168, 2020 |
| CDT-ST | ||||||||
| GOD | Mn2+ | Mn3O4/GOD co-loaded organosilicon | Spherical, 50 | 3T3, SMMC-7721 | SMMC-7721 | 12.7% (75) | supplying O2 and H2O2 | 174, 2023 |
| Au NPs | ZIF-67 (Co2+) | ZnO2@Au@ZIF-67 | Spherical, 60 | 4T1, NIH/3T3, HUVEC | 4T1 | <10% (4) | generating O2 and H2O2 | 175, 2023 |
| LOX, TA-Fe (III) | Fe2+ | PFOB/ LOX-TA- Fe (III) | core-shell,182 ± 13 | 4T1, CT26, MCF-10A | 4T1 | 20% (LOX: 1.2) | dual-depletion of lactate and ATP, O2 and H2O2 self-supply | 181, 2021 |
| CDT-GS | ||||||||
| NO | Cu2+, Mo4+ | Mo/Cu9S5/ L-Arginine | Spherical with huge cavity | 4T1, L929 | 4T1 | 30% (200) | Depletion of GSH, ultrasound enhances NO release, NO inhibits protective autophagy | 184, 2022 |
| CO | Mn2+ | MnCo@UiO-67-bpy@GOx | Spherical, 90 | HeLa, L929 MCF- 7 | HeLa | 7% (160) | Producing H2O2, accelerating CO release | 185, 2022 |
| H2S | Fe2+ | FeS@BSA | Spherical, 50 | Huh7, WRL-68 | Huh7 | 20% (20) | H2S induced H2O2 amplification | 186, 2020 |
| CDT-GT | ||||||||
| siS100A4 | Mn2+ | ErNPs@MnO2-siS100A4-RGD | Spherical, 50 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A | MDA-MB-231 | 10% (20) | GSH-depletion, superior tumor-targeting | 197, 2021 |
| DNAzyme | Cu2+ | DNAzyme-Cu2+-TA | Spherical, 200 | 4T1 | 4T1 | 25% (200) | depletion of GSH, ultra-high loading capacity | 205, 2021 |
| CDT-OT | ||||||||
| CaCO3 | Fe2+ | calcium-and iron-doped silica loaded with DHA | Spherical, 80 | MDA-MB-231, 4T1 | 4T1 | 10% (200) | Fe2+ interacted with DHA to generate C-centered radicals to amplify CDT | 209, 2022 |
| CDT-based other combinations | ||||||||
| ITT | Cu2+ | CaO2-CuO2@HA | Spherical,120 | 4T1, CT26, B16F10, L929 | 4T1 | 17.5% (120) | H2O2 self-supplying, GSH depletion | 212, 2022 |
| EDT | W5+ | POM@ZIF-8 | Spherical, 210 | HeLa | HeLa | 30% (100) | Enhanced ROS levels | 214, 2022 |
| CDT in combination with trimodal therapy | ||||||||
| CDT- chemotherapy-PTT | Fe2+ | Mitoxantrone- -GOx@γ-Fe2O3 | Spherical, 86.2 | 4T1 | 4T1 | 10% (11.52) | H2O2 amplification | 216, 2022 |
| CDT-ST- chemotherapy | Mn2+ | zeolitic-imidazolate- framework@MnO2/Dox | Polygonal,230 | HeLa, HUVEC | HeLa | 30% (200) | Reducing the recombination rate of e- and h+, Producing O2 | 217, 2022 |