TABLE 1.
Patients with hemoglobinopathies who developed tumors during their lifetime: General characteristics and iron overload–related comorbidities
| HCC (n = 78) | All with HCC excluded (n = 110) | All (n = 188) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics a | |||
| No. of patients (% of males) b | 78 (65) | 110 (42.7) | 188 (52.1) |
| No. of tumors (% of males) | 80 (65) | 117 (41.9) | 197 (51.3) |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 48.4 (42.9–54.6) | 42.2 (34.6–54.4) | 45.7 (37.7–54.6) |
| Deaths, No. (%) | 54 (67.5) | 51 (43.6) | 105 (5.3) |
| Neoplasia‐related deaths, No. (%) | 50 (62.5) | 40 (34.2) | 90 (45.7) |
| Multiple tumor foci, No. | 22 | 16 | 38 |
| Metastasis, No. | 5 | 30 | 35 |
| Histological confirmation, No. | 41 | 90 | 131 |
| Cirrhosis, No. (%) | 63/75 (84) | — | — |
| Steatosis, No. (%) | 12/56 (21.4) | ||
| Anti‐HCV–positive, No. (%) | 64/78 (82.1) | 43/109 (39.4) | 107/187 (57.2) |
| HCV RNA–positive, No. (%) | 30/68 (44.1) | 16/98 (16.3) | 46/166 (27.7) |
| Anti‐HBV, No. (%) | 14/67 (20.9) | 14/109 (12.8) | 28/176 (15.9) |
| HBV DNA–positive, No. (%) | 1/25 (4) | 0/22 (0) | 1/47 (2.1) |
| Hydroxyurea, No. (%) | 10/71 (14.1) | 22/110 (20) | 32/181 (17.7) |
| Obesity, No. (%) | 5/67 (7.5) | 8/110 (7.3) | 13/177 (7.3) |
| Smoke, No. (%) | 21/51 (41.2) | 27/79 (34.2) | 48/130 (36.9) |
| Alcohol, No. (%) | 17/56 (30) | 32/140 (22.8) | 49/196 (25) |
| Ferritin at diagnosis, median and interquartile range, ng/ml | 786 (408–1904) | 586 (293–1325) | 648 (349–1656) |
| Ferritin peak before diagnosis, ng/ml | 2704 (1802–4858) | 1467 (665–3046) | 2096 (1094–4143) |
| LIC at diagnosis, mg/g dw | 5.2 (2.9–9.5) | 3.8 (2.1–10.2) | 4.5 (2.3–10.2) |
| LIC peak before diagnosis, mg/g dw | 10.5 (5.5–18.1) | 9 (4.5–16.9) | 10.1 (5–17.8) |
| Heart MRI (T2*), ms | 36 (27.7–41) | 33.3 (25.5–39.4) | 34.2 (27–40.5) |
| Pancreas MRI (T2*), ms | 9.7 (7.8–12.6) | 16.7 (8.7–39.5) | 11.6 (8.2–17.7) |
| α‐Fetoprotein, median and interquartile range, µg/L | 3.18 (1.83–53.5) | — | |
| [range, 1.06–4314] | |||
| ALT, median and interquartile range, U/L | 54 (25–83) | ||
| [range, 10–215] | |||
| Iron overload–related comorbidities, No. (%) | |||
| N = 0 | 13 (17) | 59 (52.7) | 72 (38) |
| N = 1 | 17 (21.8) | 31 (27.7) | 48 (25.3) |
| N = 2 | 19 (24.4) | 16 (14.3) | 35 (18.4) |
| N = 3 | 17 (21.8) | 5 (4.5) | 22 (11.5) |
| N = 4 | 9 (11.5) | — | 9 (4.7) |
| N = 5 | 3 (3.8) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (2.1) |
| N ≥ 1 | 65 (83) | 53 (47.3) | 118 (62) |
| Hypogonadism | 48 (64) | 27 (24.8) | 75 (40.1) |
| Hypothyroidism | 33 (44.6) | 18 (16.1) | 51 (27.4) |
| Hypoparathyroidism | 12 (17.1) | 3 (2.7) | 15 (8.2) |
| Diabetes | 19 (27.1) | 9 (8) | 28 (15.3) |
| Hypoadrenalism | 2 (3.1) | 1 (0.9) | 1.7% |
| Cardiopathy | 43 (57.3) | 25 (22.5) | 15% |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LIC, liver iron concentration; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; No., Number.
a
Percentages have been calculated with respect to the total number of compiled fields.
b
The first tumor diagnosis has been considered for patients with multiple tumors.