TABLE 2.

Axial symptoms outcomes

Symptom type	Outcome	T1	T2	T3	p
Freezing of gait	Episodes, n	2.3 ± 2.3	1.7 ± 2.3	1.2 ± 2.2	0.013 a
	Type of episodes b	0.1 ± 0.3 start 2.2 ± 2.2 turn 0 linear	0.1 ± 0.3 start 1.4 ± 2 turn 0.2 ± 0.8 linear	0.1 ± 0.2 start 0.7 ± 1 turn 0.4 ± 1.5 linear	n.a.
	Pattern of episodes b	1.8 ± 1.7 trembling 0.3 ± 0.5 shuffling 0.3 ± 0.6 akinesia	1.3 ± 1.9 trembling 0.2 ± 0.5 shuffling 0.3 ± 0.8 akinesia	0.6 ± 0.9 trembling 0.2 ± 0.8 shuffling 0.4 ± 1.1 akinesia	n.a.
Posture	LTF relaxed, °	7.0 ± 15.5	6.3 ± 13.3	6.1 ± 12.2	0.74
	LTF straight, °	3.9 ± 8.5	4.9 ± 10.9	4.6 ± 9.2	0.195
	Thoracic FTF relaxed, °	44.0 ± 10.3	43.4 ± 7.5	43.0 ± 10.6	0.819
	Lumbar FTF relaxed, °	13.9 ± 14.5	13.3 ± 14.2	13.5 ± 17.0	0.164
	Thoracic FTF straight, °	39.3 ± 8.6	41.3 ± 7.4	39.1 ± 7.2	0.121
	Lumbar FTF straight, °	11.0 ± 11.8	10.8 ± 12.0	11.0 ± 12.9	0.725
Speech	Monopitch, Hz	40.9 ± 27.2	48.3 ± 28.7	43.9 ± 30.5	0.57
	Monoloudness, dB	15.0 ± 3.9	15.0 ± 3.5	15.6 ± 3.1	0.247
	Pauses, n	242.1 ± 77.7	243.1 ± 85.3	233.6 ± 75.9	0.766
	DPI, ms	0.1 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.02	0.1 ± 0.1	0.766
	RST, intervals/min	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.155
	MDS‐UPDRS Item 3.1 (speech)	1.6 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.6	0.039 a

Note: Results are reported as average ± SD.

Abbreviations: DPI, duration of pause intervals; FTF, forward trunk flexion; LTF, lateral trunk flexion; MDS‐UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; n.a., not applicable; RST, rate of speech timing.

^a Statistically significant.

^b Types and patterns of freezing of gait episodes have been reported based on video analysis according to the classification proposed in Nutt et al. [8].