TABLE 1.

Removed artificial biofilm (%) (median [Q1; Q3]) by needle activation (NI), Eddy (EDDY) and laser activated irrigation (LAI) in different isthmus morphologies (n = 20/group)

Isthmus morphology	NI	EDDY	LAI
Long‐narrow	0.8 (0.3; 2.9)abΩ	15.9 (8.7; 36.7)aπ	16.7 (12.3; 39.6)bρ
Short‐narrow	0.4 (0.2; 1.5)cdα	27.7 (10.6; 45.2)cβ	40.4 (33.8; 61.7)d₼
Long‐wide	4.1 (1.5; 22.4)ef	39.8 (20.2; 48.8)e	50.6 (34.3; 55.1)f₽
Short‐wide	31.7 (23.1; 38.6)ghαΩ	88.6 (53.6; 100,0)gπβ	100.0 (80.5; 100.0)hρ₼₽

Note: Similar Arabic superscript letters indicate a significant difference between the irrigation groups (in the row) (p < .001). Similar Greek symbols indicate a significant difference between the isthmus morphologies (in the column) (p < .001).