TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (at time of second‐line treatment initiation)
| Total | White | South Asian | Black | Mixed/Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 023 (100%) | 30 743 (85%) | 3458 (10%) | 1274 (4%) | 548 (1%) | |
| Female, n (%) | 14 643 (41) | 12 149 (40) | 1616 (47) | 646 (51) | 232 (42) |
| Age at baseline, n (%) | |||||
| 18‐49 years | 7734 (21) | 5711 (19) | 1450 (42) | 398 (31) | 175 (32) |
| 50–59 years | 11 128 (31) | 9396 (31) | 1059 (31) | 483 (38) | 190 (35) |
| 60‐69 years | 9622 (27) | 8613 (28) | 662 (19) | 236 (19) | 111 (20) |
| 70+ years | 7539 (21) | 7023 (23) | 287 (8) | 157 (12) | 72 (13) |
| Year of second‐line treatment initiation, n (%) | |||||
| 2014 | 4092 (11) | 3584 (12) | 318 (9) | 139 (11) | 51 (9) |
| 2015‐2016 | 10 910 (30) | 9467 (31) | 915 (26) | 364 (29) | 164 (30) |
| 2017‐2018 | 12 221 (34) | 10 379 (34) | 1186 (34) | 459 (36) | 197 (36) |
| 2019‐2020 | 8800 (24) | 7313 (24) | 1039 (30) | 312 (24) | 136 (25) |
| Years on first‐line (metformin monotherapy), n (%) | |||||
| <0.5 | 6676 (19) | 5710 (19) | 539 (16) | 320 (25) | 107 (20) |
| 0.5‐0.99 | 3654 (10) | 3183 (10) | 288 (8) | 123 (10) | 60 (11) |
| ≥1 | 25 693 (71) | 21 850 (71) | 2631 (76) | 831 (65) | 381 (70) |
| Median (IQR) no. of patients registered at the person's GP | 10 295 (6981‐14254) | 10 471 (7184‐14275) | 8793 (5213‐12861) | 10 357 (6484‐15253) | 10 674 (7377‐15196) |
| Hospitalization (any) within 1 year prior to second‐line treatment initiation, n (%) | 10 216 (28) | 8818 (29) | 873 (25) | 361 (28) | 164 (30) |
| IMD quintile, n (%) | |||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 5739 (16) | 5322 (17) | 271 (8) | 45 (4) | 101 (18) |
| 2 | 6484 (18) | 5922 (19) | 419 (12) | 77 (6) | 66 (12) |
| 3 | 6915 (19) | 6075 (20) | 601 (17) | 153 (12) | 86 (16) |
| 4 | 8020 (22) | 6473 (21) | 995 (29) | 416 (33) | 136 (25) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 8865 (25) | 6951 (23) | 1172 (34) | 583 (46) | 159 (29) |
| HbA1c at baseline, n (%) | 9.1 | 8 | 9 | 9.1 | |
| <53 mmol/mol (7%) | 1318 (4) | 1070 (3) | 139 (4) | 84 (7) | 25 (5) |
| 53‐74 mmol/mol | 19 443 (54) | 16 548 (54) | 2057 (59) | 541 (42) | 297 (54) |
| 75+ mmol/mol (9%) | 15 262 (42) | 13 125 (43) | 1262 (36) | 649 (51) | 226 (41) |
| Uncontrolled hypertension, based on last recorded blood pressure, n (%) | |||||
| Normotensive | 9749 (27) | 8073 (26) | 1155 (33) | 351 (28) | 170 (31) |
| Hypertensive | 26 274 (73) | 22 670 (74) | 2303 (67) | 923 (72) | 378 (69) |
| Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m 2 | 33.4 (7.0) | 33.8 (7.1) | 30.2 (5.8) | 32.2 (6.9) | 31.3 (6.8) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Non‐smoker | 7371 (20) | 5691 (19) | 1145 (33) | 389 (31) | 146 (27) |
| Current smoker | 9874 (27) | 8608 (28) | 804 (23) | 317 (25) | 145 (26) |
| Ex‐smoker | 18 778 (52) | 16 444 (53) | 1509 (44) | 568 (45) | 257 (47) |
| Alcohol status, n (%) | |||||
| Non‐drinker | 3846 (11) | 2276 (7) | 1199 (35) | 239 (19) | 132 (24) |
| Current drinker | 22 082 (61) | 20 136 (65) | 1112 (32) | 583 (46) | 251 (46) |
| Ex‐drinker | 10 095 (28) | 8331 (27) | 1147 (33) | 452 (35) | 165 (30) |
| Co‐prescriptions, n (%) | |||||
| RAS inhibitors | 17 949 (50) | 15 700 (51) | 1450 (42) | 535 (42) | 264 (48) |
| Statins | 24 907 (69) | 21 472 (70) | 2376 (69) | 713 (56) | 346 (63) |
| Cancer (any) | 4048 (11) | 3794 (12) | 129 (4) | 91 (7) | 34 (6) |
| Macrovascular comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| CVD composite a | 8466 (24) | 7589 (25) | 600 (17) | 191 (15) | 86 (16) |
| Amputation | 283 (1) | 270 (1) | 8 (0) | <5(0) | <5 (0) |
| Heart failure | 2110 (6) | 1936 (6) | 109 (3) | 51 (4) | 14 (3) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2521 (7) | 2288 (7) | 174 (5) | 37 (3) | 22 (4) |
| Stroke | 1640 (5) | 1470 (5) | 103 (3) | 54 (4) | 13 (2) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 6823 (19) | 6117 (20) | 495 (14) | 134 (11) | 77 (14) |
| Unstable angina | 1175 (3) | 1049 (3) | 83 (2) | 29 (2) | 14 (3) |
| Microvascular comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| eGFR at baseline category (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
| No known CKD (eGFR missing) | 675 (2) | 612 (2) | 31 (1) | 11 (1) | 21 (4) |
| 90+ (Stage 1) | 21 391 (59) | 17 676 (57) | 2694 (78) | 640 (50) | 381 (70) |
| 60‐89 (Stage 2) | 11 913 (33) | 10 608 (35) | 648 (19) | 539 (42) | 118 (22) |
| 45‐59 (Stage 3a) | 1585 (4) | 1432 (5) | 65 (2) | 66 (5) | 22 (4) |
| 30‐44 (Stage 3b) | 459 (1) | 415 (1) | 20 (1) | 18 (1) | 6 (1) |
| Blindness | 486 (1) | 432 (1) | 33 (1) | 13 (1) | 8 (1) |
| Hypoglycaemia | 320 (1) | 272 (1) | 23 (1) | 16 (1) | 9 (2) |
| Proteinuria | 2586 (7) | 2202 (7) | 260 (8) | 80 (6) | 44 (8) |
a
CVD composite: heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; CVD, cardiovascular; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP, general practice; HES, Hospital Episode Statistics; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; IQR, interquartile range; RAS, renin‐angiotensin system; SGLT2, sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2; SD, standard deviation; SU, sulphonylureas; UK, United Kingdom.