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. 2022 Oct 27;130(6):e12899. doi: 10.1111/eos.12899

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© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Oral Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Division of the International Association for Dental Research.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Retinoic acid disrupts palate fusion in mouse palate cultures. Palates were isolated from E13.5 mouse embryos from nine different mothers, cultured oral‐side up for 4 days with 0.5–2 μM or without retinoic acid, fixed, and stained with HE. (A) Representative daily pictures of palates in culture. Green dotted line: middle region. Red dotted line: palate shelves length. PP: primary palate. UL: upper lip. PS: palate shelves. Scale bars: 1 mm. (B) HE staining of frontal sections. Representative pictures of the palates from the middle region, stained with HE. M: molar. OS: oral side. NC: nasal cavity. Arrowheads: medial epithelial seam. Scale bars: 200 μm. (C) Palate shelves fusion percentage. Six palates from each concentration group were used for the measurements. Ten consecutive sections from the middle of each palate were analyzed (* p <   0.05, *** p <   0.001)