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. 2022 Oct 27;130(6):e12899. doi: 10.1111/eos.12899

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© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Oral Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Division of the International Association for Dental Research.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Retinoic acid inhibits the expression of osteogenic markers. After four days in culture RNA from the palates was isolated for qPCR. Additionally, palates were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for ALP staining. (A) Relative osteogenic markers gene expression. Data are represented as the mean ±  SD (N  =  3). * p <   0.05, ** p < 0.01. (B) Alkaline phosphatase staining. Representative pictures of each group. Dark blue staining indicates ALP activity. M: molar tooth bud. OS: oral side. NC: nasal cavity Scale bar: 200 μm