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. 2023 Apr 12;14:2081. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37697-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Prime-boost immunization regimen and grouping of BALB/c mice and hamsters. BALB/c mice were prime-boost immunized intranasally with 2 × 10⁶ pfu of Delta4N-DAF, Beta4N-DAF, DelNS1-RBD4N-DAF with Omicron BA.1 RBD (Omi4N-DAF) or DelNS1 vector only control, or through intramuscular injections of the BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (BNT, 5ugand sera collected 14 days after the second immunization for testing of anti-S1 RBD-specific IgG titers (B) (Delta4N-DAF (n = 8 mice), Beta4N-DAF (n = 8 mice), Omi4N-DAF (n = 6 mice), DelNS1 vector (n = 8 mice), BNT (n = 5 mice)). C Neutralization titers against pseudotyped viruses displaying Delta or Omicron BA.1 spike proteins (n = 8 mice for each group), and (D) neutralization titers against live SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta and Omicron BA.1) (n = 6 mice for each group). E The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of mice was collected 10 days after boost immunization and anti-S1 RBD-specific IgA titers determined (n = 5 mice for each group). Syrian hamsters were prime-boost immunized intranasally with either 5 × 10⁶ pfu of Delta4N-DAF, Beta4N-DAF, Omi4N-DAF, or DelNS1 vector only control, or through intramuscular injections of the BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (5ug). F Sera samples were collected 14 days after the second immunization and tested for anti-S1 RBD-specific IgG titers (n = 6 hamsters for each group). G Neutralization titers against pseudotyped viruses with wild type, Delta or Omicron spike proteins (n = 6 hamsters for each group), and (H) neutralization titers against live SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta and Omicron) (n = 6 hamsters for each group). LOD lower limit of detection. Error bars represent mean ± SD. Numerical labels indicate means. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ns not significant.