Table 2.

Summary of anti-PD-L1 aptamers as cancer therapeutics.

Aptamer	SELEX Approach	Target (Positive Selection)	Composition	Application	Ref.
AptPD-L1	Nitrocellulose filter SELEX	Recombinant human PD-L1	DNA	Inhibition of tumor growth by T cell function restoration and TME modification in colorectal-cancer- and lung-cancer-bearing mice	[76]
				Tetravalent aptamer-Holliday Junction nanostructure for improving the efficacy of monovalent AptPD-L1 in PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in colon-cancer-bearing mice	[78]
				Bispecific anti-CTLA-4/PD-L1 aptamer for dual immune checkpoints blockade in hepatocellular-carcinoma-bearing mice	[79]
				AptPD-L1-functionalized and oxaliplatin-loaded metal–organic framework nanoparticles for combined chemotherapy, PDT, and immune checkpoint blockade in colon-cancer-bearing mice	[80]
				Nanoliposomes functionalized with AptPD-L1 and anti-CD44 aptamers and loaded with doxorubicin and IDO1 siRNA for synergistic chemoimmunotherapy in TNBC-bearing mice	[74]
				NK cells recruitment to PD-L1+ tumor cells	[81,82]
XQ-P3	Cell-SELEX	PD-L1 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells	DNA	PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cocultures of MDA-MB-231 cells and immune cells Delivery of Paclitaxel to PD-L1 overexpressed TNBC cells	[77]
N5, S42	Capillary electrophoresis SELEX	Recombinant human PD-L1	Threose nucleic acid	Blocking the interaction of recombinant PD-L1 with PD-1-expressing cells (N5, S42) Inhibition of tumor growth in colon-cancer-bearing mice (N5)	[83]
PL1	Cell-SELEX	PD-L1 overexpressing CHO-K1 cells	Phosphorothioate DNA	PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and inhibition of tumor growth in colon-cancer-bearing mice	[84]