Table 2.
Enzymatic acylation conditions and acylation rate of anthocyanins.
| Products | Acyl Donor | Enzyme | Acylation Rate | Reaction Medium |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| laurylmonoesters of cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside | lauric acid | lipase Fermase CALB™ 10,000 | Only acetone showed synthesis of anthocyanin fatty acid esters and the conversion rate reached 63% | acetone | [2] | |
| t-butanol | ||||||
| t-amyl alcohol | ||||||
| cyanidin 3-(6′′-benzoyl)-glucoside; cyaniding-3-(6′′-salicyloyl)- glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6′′-cinnamoyl)-glucoside | aromatic acid methyl esters | Candida antarctica lipase B | 90.92% | pyridine | [13] | |
| anthocyanins (Co-An) | p-coumaric acid | Lipase: Novozym 435 |
Acylation degrees 5.38% | tetrahydrofuran (THF) | [43] | |
| anthocyanins (Ca-An) | caffffeic acid | Acylation degrees 5.68% | ||||
| - | caprylic acid | Candida antarctica lipase B | 40% | anhydrous 2-methyl-2-butanol | [51] | |
| cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-dodecanoyl) galactoside | lauric acid | Novezym 435 | The conversion rate of tert-butanol reach by 73% | acetone | [52] | |
| acetonitrile | ||||||
| tert-butanol | ||||||
| tert-amyl alcohol | ||||||
| delphinidin-3-glucoside-6′′-O-octanoate and cyanidin-3-glucoside-6′′-O-octanoate |
octanoic acid | Candida antarctica lipase B | - | dry acetonitrile:DMSO 10:1 (v/v) | [57] | |
| - | ||||||
| cyanidin-3,5-diglycoside cinnamic acid vinyl ester acylate | vinyl cinnamate | Candida antarctica lipase B | 85.7% | dry pyridine | [57] | |
| tert-butanol | ||||||
| 2-methyl-2-butanol | ||||||
| lauric acid | Candida antarctica lipase B | Ethanol with a volume fraction of 10% | Ethanol with a volume fraction of 20% | anhydrous 2-methyl-2-butanol | [59] | |
| Delphidin-3-O-glucoside lauric acid acylate | 77 | 85 | ||||
| Delphidin-3-O-rutinoside lauric acid acylate | 72 | 74 | ||||
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside lauric acid acylate | 66 | 88 | ||||
| Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside lauric acid acylate | 62 | 63 | ||||
| cyanidin-3-glucoside-fatty acid conjugate | octanoic acid | Candida antarctica lipase B | - | 2-methyl-2-butanol | [59] | |
| octadecenoic acid | Candida antarctica lipase B | 21.2% | anhydrous 2-methyl-2-butanol | [60] | ||
| cyanidin-3-(6′′-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6′′-lauroyl)-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-(6′′-myristoyl)-glucoside | fatty acid methyl esters | Lipozyme 435 | 94% | tertamyl alcohol | [61] | |
| cyanidin-3-glucoside-octanoic acid acylate | octanoic acid | Novozymes 435 | 47.1% | tertiary butanol | [62] | |