Table 6.
Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins and modified anthocyanins.
| Anthocyanins | Modified Method | Improvement Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | co-pigmentation | The DPPH clearance ratio of C3G itself was 83.25 ± 16.50%, and the ratio of C3G in nanocomposites was 87.47 ± 6.69%. | [19] |
| black rice anthocyanin extracts | double emulsion | The scavenging activities of ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical of all microcapsules ranged from 0.7 to 5.8 μg Trolox/100 g dw and 0.6–3.5 μg Trolox/100 g dw, respectively. The co-pigment addition increased scavenging activities of ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical. | [21] |
| cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | microencapsulation | After intestinal digestion, the ORAC value of anthocyanins in the vesicles was 2.8 times higher than that of free anthocyanins. | [22] |
| blueberry anthocyanins extracts | enzymatic acylation | The DPPH radical scavenge rate of anthocyanins extracts was 64.75% and increased by 6.56% and 15.21% after grafting with p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, respectively. Additionally, the inhibition ratio in the β-carotene bleaching assay of the anthocyanins of anthocyanins extracts was 77.11% and increased by 7.93% and 16.86% respectively. | [43] |
| blackcurrant anthocyanins extracts | enzymatic acylation | The inhibition capacities of acylated products of delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside reached 67%, 88%, and 72% of the ability of BHT, respectively, which was significantly higher than unacylated products. | [52] |
| anthocyanin extracts (cyanidin-3-glucoside | enzymatic acylation | Cyanidin-3-(6″-dihydroferuloyl) glucoside and cyanidin-3-(6″-dihydrosinapoyl) glucoside exhibited better antioxidant activity than cyanidin-3-glucoside. | [57] |
| raspberry anthocyanin | enzymatic acylation | The acylated anthocyanins effectively prevented the release of ROS caused by oxidative damage and alleviated oxidative stress damage. | [63] |
| Iranian borage anthocyanins extracts | microencapsulation | In comparison with crude Iranian borage extract, the IC50 of microcapsules had a significant decrease at 40 °C during 60 days of storage, and the antioxidant property increased 7.54 times for microcapsules. | [79] |
| anthocyanin extracts | emulsion | The DPPH radical scavenging potential of anthocyanins encapsulation by the emulsion method (EC50 7.43 mg mL−1) was comparatively higher than that of unencapsulation anthocyanins. | [105] |
| anthocyanin extracts | nanoliposomes as delivery system | Compared with unencapsulated anthocyanins, the anthocyanins in nanoliposomes were more stable and exhibited higher antioxidant activity within 28 days. | [112] |
| concentrated anthocyanin extract | co-pigmentation | The co-pigmentation of anthocyanin and rutin showed a beneficial effect on antioxidant capacity from the 5 weeks of storage. | [120] |
| elderberry anthocyanin extracts | microencapsulation | The combination of polysaccharide encapsulation and EGCG copolymerization improved the stability of anthocyanins against high temperature and the presence of ascorbic acid. | [159] |