Table 2.
DNA-based nanomaterials as drug delivery platforms for increasing the effect of drugs in tumors.
| DNA-Based Nanomaterial | Method and/or Strategy for Delivering Drug | Target | Cell Line/Cancer | Payload | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA tetrahedron | aptamer HER2 was anchored on tetrahedral framework nucleic acid via covalent bond |
HER2 | SKBR-3, MCF7, MCF-10A | HApt- tetrahedral DNA | [273] |
| DNA tetrahedron | TDNs conjugated with pegaptanib |
VEGF | HUVECs, Cal27 | Pegatinib | [136] |
| DNA tetrahedron | miR-21 or miR-155 or AS1411 modified DNA tetrahedron/metal–organic framework conjugates | nucleolin | MDA-MB-23, HepG2 | Doxorubicin or camptothecin or rhodamine 6G or fluorescein | [274] |
| DNA tetrahedron | Methylene blue loaded into TDN via intercalation | cell apoptosis | B6F10, SCC7, MDA-MB231 | Methylene Blue, PDT | [23] |
| DNA tetrahedron | PTX loaded into TDN via intercalation | MDR cell apoptosis | A549, PTX-resistant A549/T | Paclitaxel | [18] |
| DNA tetrahedron | ASOs loaded into DNA tetrahedrons conjugated with NLS peptide | c-raf | A549 | ASO | [26] |
| DNA tetrahedron | One of the strands mirror TDN was biotinylated and conjugated to streptavidin. Various biotinylated enzymes can be loaded onto the streptavidin subunit of the hybrid. | apoptosis, gene modification, and carbohydrate hydrolysis | HeLa, Nano fibroblast cells | Caspase 3; Cre recombinase; β-galactosidase | [24] |
| DNA tetrahedron | Cy5, 5-FU, and AS1411 were conjugated with TDN |
nucleolin | MCF10A, MCF7 | 5-Fluorouracil | [275] |
| DNA tetrahedron | AS1411 was linked with TDN | nucleolin | A549 | AS1411 | [276] |
| double-bundle DNA tetrahedron | 56MESS was loaded into TDN through intercalation | EGFR | A431, A549, A549/DDP, MCF-7, and A2780 | platinum-based DNA intercalator, 56MESS | [152] |
| DNA tetrahedron | TDN modified with MUC1 and AS1411aptamer; DOX-loaded via intercalation | MUC1, nucleolin | MCF7, HL-7702 | Doxorubicin | [277] |
| FUdR-DNA-affibody chimera | 10 FUdR molecules were attached to 5′ end of each DNA strand | HER2 | BT474, MCF-7 | 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine | [27] |
| DNA mini-hexahedron (DMH) | hibridization of AS1411 sequence with one strand of DMH | nucleolin | A549 | miRNA-1246 and miRNA-21 | [278] |
| DNA tetrahedron | DOX and TMPyP4 were loaded via intercalation into AS1411-modified TDN | nucleolin | HeLa | DOX and TMPyP4 | [279] |
| DNA origami | intercalation | cell apoptosis | MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 | Doxorubicin | [195] |
| DNA origami | RNase A-DNA origami conjugate | MUC1 | MCF-7 | MUC1-modified RNase A | [178] |
| DNA origami | intercalation | cell apoptosis | MCF-7 | BMEPC (3,6-bis [2-(1-methylpyridinium) ethynyl]-9-pentyl-carbazole diiodide), PDT | [38] |
| DNA origami | intercalation | MDR cell apoptosis | HL-60/ADR | Daunorubicin | [37] |
| DNA nanotubes | cholesterol-modified DNA nanotubes conjugated with cytochrome c | Cell apoptosis | HeLa | Cytochrome C | [48] |
| self-assembled DNA nanotubes | Cy3-labeled and folate-conjugated nanotubes | FR (folate receptor) | Nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma KB cells | Cy3 | [47] |
| DNA nanotube | DOX and PTX were loaded into the modified with MUC-1 capsulated DNA nanotube–peptide |
MUC-1, integrin receptors (αv β3) | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin or paclitaxel | [196] |
| AS1411 aptamer | conjugation of aptamer AS1411 with indocyanine green (ICG) or with acridine orange ligand C8 | nucleolin | B16 | C8—acridine orange derivative or ICG | [280] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated pluronic F127 mixed micelles encapsulating doxorubicin | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin | [281] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugated with self-assembled HSA-paclitaxel nanoparticle (HSA—Human serum albumin) | nucleolin | MCF-7, MCF-10A and 3T3 | Paclitaxel | [282] |
| AS1411 | Aminated AS1411 covalently modify graphene oxide-chitosan oligosaccharide-γ-polyglutamic acid nanocarrier loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | Beas-2B, HeLa | Doxorubicin | [283] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 aptamer-functionalized PEG-PLA micelle were constructed through an emulsion/solvent evaporation strategy for the codelivery of doxorubicin and miR-519c | nucleolin | HepG2 | Doxorubicin and miR-519c | [284] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 attached onto the surface chitosan-coated MSNs | nucleolin | C26, MCF-7, 4T1, CHO | Doxorubicin and antimiR-21 | [285] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 is covalently conjugated to the PAMAM dendrimer loaded with camptothecin | nucleolin | A549 | Camptothecin | [286] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-PGG-PTX conjugate (PGG: L-γ-glutamyl-glutamine) | nucleolin | U87 MG, and HUVEC | Paclitaxel | [287] |
| AS1411 | Aptamer/hyaluronic acid-bifunctionalized microemulsion | Nucleolin, CD44 | U87, HUVEC | Docetaxel + Shikonin | [288] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 conjugated with PEGylated PAMAM loaded with camptothecin | nucleolin | HT29, C26, CHO | Camptothecin | [289] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated DC-Chol/DOPE liposomes (ASLP). The ASLP/siRNA complex was formed through electrostatic interaction between ASLP and siRNA |
nucleolin | A375, MDA-MB-231, A549, C6, HeLa, A375 tumor xenograft mice | anti-BRAF siRNA | [290] |
| AS1411 | Aptamer was covalently bound to Au nanoparticles | nucleolin | HeLa, NHDF and HEC-1-A | C8 or Imiquimod | [291] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugated with PAMAM-PEG encapsulated wth 5-fluorouracil | nucleolin | MKN45 | 5-Fluorouracil | [292] |
| AS1411 | AS1411, influenza hemagglutinin peptide and clofarabine were conjugated into self-assembled peptide nanoparticles with siRNA and doxorubicin | nucleolin | MCF-7, L0-2 | Doxorubicin, siRNA(TK1), clofarabine | [293] |
| ATP-AS1411 bivalent aptamer | ATP-AS1411 was conjugated to DOX-loaded Si nanoparticles | ATP and nucleolin | CHO | Doxorubicin | [294] |
| AS1411 | Camptothecin was encapsulated in β-CD-(PCL-PAEMA)21 micelle modified with AS1411 aptamer | nucleolin | MCF-7, 4T1, L929 | Camptothecin | [295] |
| AS1411 | siRNA with conjugate AS1411-photo-sensitive oligonucleotide (OliP) | nucleolin | 4T1 | siRNA, irridation with 365 nm light | [296] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated PLGA-lecithin-PEG nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel and Nile red | nucleolin | MCF-7, GI-1, L929, HMEC | Paclitaxel + Nile red | [297] |
| AS1411 | Doxorubicin-loaded AS1411-conjugated nanoparticles | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin | [298] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated HPAEG polimer could form self-assembed nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin | [299] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and siRNA attached to the surfaces of MSNs nanoparticles loaded doxorubicin | nucleolin | MDA-MB-231 | Doxorubicin + siRNA(TIE2) | [300] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugate with DOPE-sphingomyelin-cholesterol-DSPE-PEG2000 liposome loaded with paclitaxel and siRNA | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Paclitaxel + siRNA | [301] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugated with extracellular vesicles loaded with microRNA precursor let-7 or VEGF siRNA | nucleolin | MDA-MB-231 | miRNA let-7 or siRNA (VEGF) | [302] |
| AS1411 | Electrostatic interaction between fluorescent gold nanocluster-conjugated chitosan and AS1411 | nucleolin | A549 | Methotrexate | [303] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-capped FRET-based two-photon MSNs loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | MCF-7, HEK293 | Doxorubicin | [304] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-PAMAM-PEG-fluorescent tags modified magnetic zinc-doped iron oxide nanoparicle with the loading doxorubicin and siRNAs | nucleolin | MDA-MB-231, 4T1, MCF-10A | Doxorubicin + siRNA HSP70 or HSP90. NIR/MR | [305] |
| AS1411 | Silica nano supra-assembly nanoparicle with conjugating DOX, cytochrome c and AS1411 | nucleolin | HCT116 | Doxorubicin | [306] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated PAMAM grafted persistent luminescence nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | HeLa, 3T3 | Doxorubicin | [307] |
| AS1411 | AS1411- absorptio, dsDNA and MMP-2 cleavable peptide-fabricated gold nanocage vehicle which could load doxorubicin and siRNAs | nucleolin | NCI-H889 | Doxorubicin and siRNAs | [308] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 decorated via the absorption of a single-stranded thymidine (T)-rich tail of oligonucleotide T20 onto the surface ZnO-gated porphyrinic metal–organic framework loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | HeLa, NIH3T3 | Doxorubicin, PDT | [309] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was anchored onto the surface of the MnO2-coated and loaded with acriflavine and HMME liposomes | nucleolin | SKOV3, HL-7702 | Acriflavine, HMME. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) | [310] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 aptamer-based three-way junction pocket DNA nanostructure loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | PC-3, 4T1, CHO | Doxorubicin | [311] |
| AS1411 | The protoporphyrin IX loading AS1411r-conjugated upconversion nanoparticle | nucleolin | MCF-7, HeLa | Protoporphyrin IX, PDT, NIR | [312] |
| AS1411 | As1411-conjugated HSA nanoparticle loaded with 5- Fluorouracil and BpT (2-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazide copper II) | nucleolin | Bel-7402 | 5-Fluorouracil, BpT | [313] |
| AS1411 | As1411 was conjugated with chitosan nanoparticles loaded with erlotinib | nucleolin | A549 | Erlotinib | [314] |
| AS1411 | As1411 was conjugated with polydopamine-functionalized CA-(PCL-ran-PLA) nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Docetaxel | [315] |
| AS1411 | As1411 was conjugated with PEG-PLA-DPPC lipopolymersome loaded with camptothecin | nucleolin | HT29, C26 | Camptothecin | [316] |
| AS1411 | Doxorubicin inserted in the aptamer AS1411 was encapsulated in the aqueous interior of liposome | nucleolin | MCF-7/Adr | Doxorubicin | [317] |
| AS1411 | As1411 was conjugated with Mn-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and docetaxel | nucleolin | MCF-7 | 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine + docetaxel | [318] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated albumin nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | nucleolin | CT26 | Docetaxel | [319] |
| AS1411 | TMPyP4 and doxorubicin were then physically attached to the AS1411-conjugated Au NPsAu nanoparticles | nucleolin | HeLa, Dox-resistant MCF-7R | TMPyP4 + Doxorubicin, PDT | [320] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated chimeric self-assembled polymersomes loaded with SN38 | nucleolin | HT29, CHO | SN38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) | [321] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 immobilized on the surface DNA-modified gold nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | HeLa, NIH-3T3 | Doxorubicin | [322] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated gold nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin or AZD8055 | nucleolin | MCF-7, OMM1.3, Mel202 | Doxorubicin or AZD8055 | [323] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was introduced into zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | HeLa, HEK 293T | Doxorubicin | [324] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was immobilizing over composite [γ-cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework embedded with graphene quantum dots and modified with PEGMA]. Doxorubicin was encapsulated within this composite | nucleolin | MCF-7, L929 | Doxorubicin | [325] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated PAMAM-10C-10C-PEG nanoparticles loaded with bcl-xl shRNA (10C—10-bromodecanoic acid) | nucleolin | A549, L929 | bcl-xl shRNA | [326] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and PEG were conjugated with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets loaded with doxorubicin and coated with polydopamine (PDA) layer | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin, NIR | [327] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 aptamer-tethered DNA nanotrains loaded with anthracycline drugs | nucleolin | HeLa, L02 | Doxorubicin or, epirubicin, or daunorubicin | [328] |
| AS1411-ATP fusion aptamer | Polyplexes by doxorubicin -loaded AS1411-ATP fusion aptamer and PEG-pDQA | nucleolin | MCF-7/DOX | Doxorubicin | [329] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugated onto cell membrane capsules loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | QGY-7703, Hepli | Doxorubicin | [330] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-PEG was conjugated with PDA-coated CA-PLGA nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Docetaxel | [331] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and TGN peptide modified PEG-PCL nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | nucleolin | C6, bEnd.3 | Docetaxel | [332] |
| Cy5.5-AS1411 | Covalent assembly of Cy5.5-AS1411 aptamer conjugate on the surface of graphene oxide wrapped doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles | nucleolin | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin | [333] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 aptamer was conjugated with PEG-PDLLA micelle loaded with triptolide | nucleolin | MIA PaCa-2 | Triptolide | [334] |
| AS1411 | Click-nucleic-acid containing platform for codelivery of rapamycin, anti-PFKFB4 siRNA and aptamer AS1411 | PFKFB4, nucleolin | HEK 293, T1-luci | Rapamycin and anti-PFKFB4 siRNA | [335] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-conjugated PLGA-PVP nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | A549 | Doxorubicin | [336] |
| AS1411 | AS1411-coniugated star-shaped glucose-core PCL-PEG nanoparticles containing LNA-anti-miR-214 | Nucleolin, miR-214 | A2780 | anti-miR-214 | [337] |
| AS1411 | DNCA lipid-AS1411 nanoparticles. AS1411 interact via Watson–Crick and p-stacking with DNCA | nucleolin | A549, MCF-7, K562 | AS1411 | [338] |
| AS1411 and S2.2 aptamers | AS1411 and S2.2 aptamers were conjugated to the surface of liposomes coated with gold nanoshells and loaded with docetaxel | Nucleolin, MUC1 | MCF-7 | Docetaxel | [339] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was covalently attached to the surface of the dextran-coated PLA-PEI nanoparticles which co-loaded with camptothecin and survivin-shRNA | nucleolin | C26, CHO | Camptothecin, survivin-shRNA | [340] |
| AS1411-polydopamine | AS1411 was conjugated wth polydopamine-modified M-PLGA–TPGS nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | nucleolin | HeLa | Docetaxel | [341] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and a BHQ2-labeled ATP aptamers incorporated into a hybrid micellar nanoparticle | nucleolin, ATP | HeLa | BHQ2, PDT | [342] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and cytochrome c were conjugated with mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | HepG2 | Doxorubicin | [343] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 was conjugated with magnetic PLGA-PEG nanospheres loaded with doxorubicin | nucleolin | C6, L929 | Doxorubicin | [344] |
| AS1411 | AS1411 and cRGD were conjugated with gold nanocluster, functionalized with NIR dye; doxorubicin was linked with gold nanoconjugate | nucleolin | U87MG, MCF-7, L02, A549 | Doxorubicin, NIR | [345] |
| AS1411 | Dual-functional probe composed of gold nanoparticles, catalytic Zn2+-dependent DNAzyme, doxorubicin, targeted AS1411 aptamer and acid-decomposable ZnO quantum dots. The Zn2+-dependent ligation DNAzyme and AS1411 aptamer were assembled onto the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) via Au-S bonding. | nucleolin | HeLa | Doxorubicin and miRNA-21 | [346] |
| Apta 12 | DOX-APTA12 conjugate | nucleolin | MCF-10A MDA-MB-231 | Doxorubicin + gemcitabine | [347] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer–siR-29b chimera was sinthesized | MUC-1, PTEN | OVCAR-3 | miRNA-29b | [348] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC-1 aptamer was conjugated InP/ZnS quantum dots/nanohydrogel fluorescent composite loaded with paclitaxel and sodium oxamate | MUC-1 | MCF-7 | Paclitaxel + sodium oxamate | [349] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC-1-responsive DNA motif with hairpin structure (smart sensor) was conjugated with doxorubicin-loaded MSNs | MUC-1 | MCF-7, Hs578bst | Doxorubicin | [350] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer-peptide anti-HSP70 peptides (P8 and P17) conjugates | MUC-1 | MCF-7/ADR, A549, HepG2 | Doxorubicin | [351] |
| MUC1 aptamer (aptA) | 1,10-phenanthroline can be intercalated within aptA when complexed with Fe(II) ions | MUC-1 | MCF-7 | 1,10-phenanthroline | [352] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Doxorubicin-incorporated multivalent aptamer–siRNA conjugate | MUC-1 | MCF-7 | BCL2-specific siRNA + doxorubicin | [353] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1-dimer aptamer-calcium carbonate complexes loaded with epirubicin and melittin | MUC-1 | MCF7, C26, HepG2 | Epirubicin and melittin | [354] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1aptamer was conjugared with ferritin nanoparticles loaded with epirubicin | MUC-1 | colon cancer cells | Epirubicin | [355] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Conjugate of KLA–MUC1 aptamer loaded with doxorubicin to the surface DNA nanoparticles | MUC-1 | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin and KLA peptide | [356] |
| MUC1, AS1411 and ATP aptamers | Aptamers-dendrimer conjugate | MUC-1, nucleolin, ATP | MCF-7, C26, CHO | Epirubicin | [357] |
| MUC1 aptamer and AS1411 | MUC1 aptamer incorporated heparin and AS1411 incorporated heparin are decorated on the surface of protamine sulfate/CaCO3 nanoparticle loaded with CRISPR–Cas9 plasmid | MUC-1, nucleolin | HeLa, MCF-7, HEK 293T | CRISPR–Cas9 plasmid (for FAK knockout) | [358] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer was conjugated to surface PLA-PEG nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin | MUC-1 | A-549 | Doxorubicin | [359] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Doxorubicin-conjugated MUC-1 aptamer-armed PEGylated SPIONs | MUC-1 | MDA-MB-231 | Doxorubicin | [360] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Gold coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles conjugated with MUC-1 aptamer | MUC-1 | MCF-7, CHO | Photothermal therapy | [361] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer was conjugated with genistein-miRNA-29b-loaded hybrid nanoparticles | MUC-1 | A549 | Genistein and miRNA-29b | [362] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with siRNA and docetaxel | MUC-1 | SKBR3 | IGF-1R siRNA and docetaxel | [363] |
| MUC1 aptamer | ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot-Protoporphyrin IX-MUC1 aptamer conjugate | MUC-1 | HeLa, RAW | Protoporphyrin IX, PDT | [364] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MSNs loaded with safranin O or with doxorubicin and conjuugated with MUC1 aptamer | MUC-1 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-10-A | Safranin O or doxorubicin | [365] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer was conjugated to chitosan-SN38 nanoparticles | MUC-1 | HT-29, CHO | SN38 | [366] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 was conjugated with chitosan-coated albumin nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel | MUC-1 | MCF7, T47D | Paclitaxel | [68] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Clofarabine, ara-guanosine, gemcitabine, and floxuridine to replace all natural nucleosides in aptamer sequences | MUC-1 | Therapeutic Nucleoside Analogues | [367] | |
| MUC1 aptamer | Aptamer-conjugated liposome containing docetaxel | Tubulin, MUC-1 | MCF 7, MCF 10A, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, Hep G2 | Docetaxel | [368] |
| MUC1 aptamer | Doxorubicin was intercalated into self-assembled CpG-MUC1-hydrogel | MUC-1 | MCF-7, A549, HepG-2, RAW264.7 | Doxorubicin | [369] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer was conjugated with liposomes (sDPPC, cholesterol, PEG 2000-DSPE and Mal-PEG 2000-DSPE) encapsulated gold nanocages and doxorubicin | MUC-1 | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin, gold nanocages + NIR light irradiation | [370] |
| MUC1 aptamer | MUC1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel and siRNA | MUC-1 | SKBR3, CHO | Docetaxel and cMET siRNA | [371] |
| 5TR1-aptamer | 5TR1 aptamer conjugated to surface PEGylated liposome loading doxorubicin | MUC-1 | C26 | Doxorubicin | [372] |
| 5TR1-aptamer | Doxorubicin was loaded on the modified 5TR1-GC (5TR1 to add a GC loop) | MUC-1 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A | Doxorubicin | [373] |
| 5TR1-aptamer | 5TR1 aptamer was conjugated with chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles | MUC-1 | MCF7, C26 | Epirubicin | [374] |
| 5TR1 aptamer | SPION-5TR1 aptamer conjugate loading epirubicin | MUC-1 | C26, CHO-K1 | Epirubicin | [375] |
| PSMA aptamer | PSMA aptamer-anchored PLGA-b-PEG-COOH nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel | PSMA | LNCaP | Docetaxel | [78] |
| PSMA RNA aptamer | PSMA aptamer-conjugated liposome loaded with doxorubicin | PSMA | LNCaP | Doxorubicin | [79] |
| PSMA aptamer (A10) | A10 was conjugated with DSPE-PEG2000 liposome-CRISPR/Cas9 chimeras | PSMA, PLK-1 | LNCaP, PC-3 | CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA target PLK1 | [376] |
| A10 aptamer | A10-3.2 aptamer was conjugated with FoxM1 siRNA-loaded cationic nanobubbles | PSMA | LNCaP | FoxM1 siRNA | [377] |
| PSMA aptamer | PSMA aptamer was conjugated with doxorubicin-loaded H40-PLA-PEG micelles | PSMA | CWR22Rν1 | Doxorubicin | [80] |
| A10 aptamer | A10 aptamer-functionalized doxorubicin-polylactide conjugate | PSMA | LNCaP, PC-3 | Doxorubicin | [378] |
| A10-3.2 aptamer | A10-3.2 aptamer-modified ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets loading siRNA | PSMA, CAT-1 | 22RV1, PC-3, 16HBE | siRNA against siCAT-1 transporter | [379] |
| MRP1-CD28 aptamer | MRP1-CD28 aptamer conjugate | MRP1, CD28 | B16F10, chemotherapy-resistant tumors | Translational whole-cell vaccine (Aptvax) has been developed based on this MRP1-CD28 aptamer conjugate | [86] |
| CD28 aptamer | CAR-like multivalent aptamer nanoparticles (X-polymers): murine CD28Apt7 + the tetramer of CTLA-4 + RNA aptamer (Del60) + folic acid labeled ssDNA | CD28, CTLA-4 | mouse melanoma B16 cell | CAR-T-cell immunotherapy | [87] |
| CD38 aptamer | CD38 aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate | CD38 | MM cells, CD38-negative cells, HDLM2, Jeko1, L428, K299 | Doxorubicin | [380] |
| CD44 aptamer | CD44 aptamer was conjugated to the surface of PEGylated liposomes | CD44 | A549, MDA-MB-231, the CD44(-) cell line, NIH/3T3 | - | [381] |
| CD44 aptamer | CD44 aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate | CD44 | Breast cancer cells | Doxorubicin | [382] |
| CD44 aptamer | CD44 aptamer was conjugated with PEGylated liposomes loaded with siRNA | CD44 | MDA-MB-231-Luc2-GFP | siRNA | [383] |
| CD44 thioaptamer | CD44 thioaptamer was conjugated with PAMAM-PEG/miRNA-145 nanoparticles | CD44 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | miRNA-145 | [384] |
| CD44-anti-PD-L1 aptamer | Liposomes have been loaded with loaded DOX and IDO1 siRNA and conjugated to CD44 and anti-PD-L1 DNA aptamers | CD44, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction | MDA-MB-231 cells; mouse: 4T1 cells | IDO1 siRNA, Doxorubicin | [93] |
| Anti-EGFR-CD44 aptamer | An anti-EGFR-CD44 aptamer was conjugated with solid lipid dexamethasone-modified nanoparticles modified loaded with doxorubicin. | EGFR, CD44 | MDA-MB-468 cell | Doxorubicin | [94] |
| CD44 DNA aptamer | Five-Part Pentameric nanocomplex incorporating CD44 DNA aptamer for cellular targeting and thiolated hyaluronic acid to stabilize Au NPs | CD44 | HeLa, SKOV-3, C13, NIH3T3, SH-SY5Y | Doxorubicin | [95] |
| CD71- aptamer | CD71 aptamer was conjuugated with XQ-2d-MMAE | CD71 | OCM-1 | Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) | [98] |
| CD117 aptamer | CD117 aptamer-methotrexate conjugates | CD117 | CD117-expressing HEL cells | Methotrexate | [101] |
| B19 aptamer | B19 aptamer-conjugated PAMAM G4C12 dendrimer nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel and temozolomide | CD133 | U-87, C6 | Paclitaxel + temozolomide | [385] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 aptamer-PLGA-PEG micelle loaded with paclitaxel | CD133 | A549 | Paclitaxel | [110] |
| CD133 aptamer | PEGylated CD133aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate | CD133 | Hep3B, Huh7, HEK293T | Doxorubicin | [107] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 was conjugated covalently to the self-assembled PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose-SN38-conjugate nanoparticles | CD133 | HT29, CHO | SN38 | [386] |
| Thiolated CD133 aptamer A15 | A15 aptamers were conjugated with curcumin-loaded liposomes (EPC, CHOL and DSPE-PEG2000-MAL) | CD133 | DU145 | Curcumin | [387] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 aptamers were conjugated propranolol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle | CD133 | HemSC | Propranolol | [388] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 aptamer was conjugated with salinomycin-loaded PEGylated nanoparticles | CD133 | Saos-2, U-2 OS, MG-63 | Salinomycin | [389] |
| CD133 aptamer | Gefitinib-loaded nanomicelles conjugated with CD133 aptamers | CD133 | A549, A431 | Gefitinib | [111] |
| CD133 aptamer (A15) + EGFR (CL4) | Salinomycin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles A15 or CL4-conjugted or nontargeted salinomycin-loaded nanoparticles. | CD133, EGFR | Huh7, Hep3B | Salinomycin | [390] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 aptamer was conjugated with polymer-micellar NPs composed of poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) and PLGA and labeling with 89Zr | CD133 | Human GBM cancer stem cells | Temozolomide, idasanutlin | [391] |
| CD133 aptamer | Conjugating CD133 aptamers to DTX liposomes (DSPE-PEG2000-CHOL-SPC) | CD133 | A549 | Docetaxel | [113] |
| CD133 aptamer | All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-loaded lipid-polymer nanoparticles conjugated with CD133 aptamers | CD133 | Saos-2, U-2 OS | ATRA | [392] |
| CD133 aptamer | CD133 aptamer shortened form (AP-1-M) was conjugated with doxorubicin | CD133 | FRO cells | Doxorubicin | [108] |
| Cs5 aptamer | Doxorubicin was loaded into the Cs5 aptamer to form a chimera. | CD133 | HCT116 | Doxorubicin | [393] |
| CD133 aptamer + angiopep-2 (An2) | Angiopep-2 and CD133 RNA aptamers were conjugated on exosomes as vehicles loaded with temozolomide and O6-benzylguanine | CD133, An2 | U87MG, GSC | Temozolomide + O6-benzylguanine | [394] |
| CD133 aptamer | Propranolol-loaded CD133 aptamers conjugated liposomes-in-microspheres | CD133 | HemSCs | Propranolol | [395] |
| HER2 aptamer | HER2 aptamer was conjugated with mertansine | HER2 | BT-474, MDA-MB-231 | Mertansine | [396] |
| HER2-EGFR aptamer | Bivalent HER2 aptamer-EGFR siRNA chimera | HER2, EGFR | BT474, SKBR3, MDA-MB-231, MCF7, Hs578 T | siRNA | [397] |
| HER2 aptamer | HER2 aptamer-functionalized pH-sensitive β-cyclodextrin -capped doxorubicin-loaded MSNs | HER2 | SKBR3, MCF7, HEK-293T | Doxorubicin | [398] |
| HER2 aptamer | MMAE-conjugated HER2 oligobody (the cotinine (cot)-body, cot-linker, aptamer and MMAE) | HER2 | SKBR3, NCI-N87 | MMAE | [399] |
| HER2 aptamer | pH-responsive micelle-like nanoparticles carrying a Texas red-fluorescently labeled HER2 aptamer | HER2 | SKBR3, MCF7, HeLa | HER2-aptamer | [400] |
| HER2 aptamer | HER2 was conjugated to the surface curcumin-loaded HSA nanoparticles | HER2 | SKBR3 | Curcumin | [401] |
| HER2 aptamer | HER2 aptamer/Ursolic acid + doxorubicin nanoparticles constructed as carrier-free nanodrugs | HER2 | BT474 | Ursolic acid + doxorubicin | [402] |
| Aptamer A6 | Aptamer-labeled liposomal nanoparticle using different saturated (HSPC and DPPC) and unsaturated (POPC and DOPC) lipids | HER2 | SKBR3, MCF7, MDA-MB-231 | Doxorubicin | [403] |
| Aptamer A6 | Aptamer-labeled P-gp siRNA encapsulated PLGA or PLGA-PEG nanoparticles | HER2, P-gp | SKBR-3, 4T1-R, MDA MB-231, MCF-7 | Aptamer-labeled P-gp siRNA | [404] |
| HER2 aptamer and AS1411 aptamer | Dual aptamer-decorated DNA hydrogel | HER2 + nucleolin | SKBR-3, MCF7, MDA-MB-23 | Doxorubicin | [405] |
| HER2 aptamer | HER2 densely grafted on gold nanostars | HER2 | SKBR-3, MCF-10A | HApt-AuNS | [406] |
| HER2 aptamer | Carboxylated chitosan-coated (pH-responsive), doxorubicin-loaded aptamer- MSN bioconjugates | HER2, EGFR | SKBR-3, MCF7 | Doxorubicin | [407] |
| VEGF aptamer | DNM and TMPyP were physically assembled with aptamer of VEGF + cytosine (C)-rich DNA fragment (gc-34) | VEGF | MCF-7 | Daunomycin + TMPyP, PDT | [61] |
| EpCAM RNA aptamer | RNA aptamer-conjugated PEGylated liposome loaded with doxorubicin | EpCAM | CHO-K1, C26 | Doxorubicin | [408] |
| EpCAM | EpCAM aptamer-survivin siRNA fusion, combined with doxorubicin treatment doxorubicin-resistant subline of the MCF-7 cells | EpCAM | MCF-7 | Doxorubicin and survivin siRNA | [146] |
| FOXM1 aptamer | FOXM1 aptamer conjugated with DOX-CPT-loaded HA-b-PCL nanopolymersomes | FOXM1 | A549, SK-MES-1 | Doxorubicin, camptothecin | [409] |
| Sgc8c aptamer | Aptamer sgc8c–doxorubicin conjugate | PTK7 | NB-4, Ramos | Doxorubicin | [410] |
| Aptamer BAFF-R | BAFF-R aptamer–siRNA conjugate | BAFF-R | Jeko-1, Z138 | siRNA | [411] |