Table 3.

Overview of possibilities of tumor organoids in immunotherapy research.

Application	Cell Source	Culture System	Cancer Type	References
Chemotherapy	Primary biopsy	Embedded or resuspended in Matrigel, BME Type 2, ECM-mimicking HA/collagen-based Hydrogel	Colorectal, pancreatic cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and appendiceal cancer	[35,62,63,119,142,143,144]
CRISPR/Cas9 therapy	HEK293T OVCAR5 cells HCT116 cells iPSCs Human and mice biopsies	Embedded in Matrigel, ultra- low-attachment 6 well culture plates, Drops of Matrigel	Mice tubo-ovarian carcinoma, ovarian cancer cells, colon cancer, murine and human small intestine and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	[70,84,85,86,145,146,147]
Adoptive cell transfer therapy	Tumors tissues Biobank PDOs SKOV3 human epithelial ovarian cancer cells biopsies	Embedded in Geltrex Basement membrane extract (BME, Cultrex), PDMS fluidic chamber, ultra-low attachment 6-well culture plates, Matrigel, agar-coated plates, embedded in growth factor reduced Matrigel	Colorectal cancer, non-small cancer lung cells, breast cancer and normal breast, Human ovarian cancer cells, glioblastoma and bladder cancer	[57,148,149,150,151,152]
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	Biopsies	ALI, Special cell-culture inserts, embedding in Geltrex, BME, multiwell plates, embedded in 3% low-melting agarose	Melanoma, colorectal cancer, non-small cancer lung cells, breast cancer, ovarian cancer or renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, gastric cancer and lung cancer	[64,148,153,154,155,156,157]
Monoclonal and bispecific antibodies	Biopsies, colon epithelial cell line NCM460, A375 human melanoma cells, Prospect C and Prospect R trials	Resuspended in 100% Matrigel, ultra-low attachment culture dishes, embedded in growth factor reduced Matrigel	Human colorectal cancer, colon cancer line, melanoma cancer and metastatic colorectal cancers	[158,159,160,161,162,163,164]
Cancer vaccines	MDA-MB-231, MCF7, MDA-MB-435S, SKBR3 cancer cells, 4T1/eGFP cells, SKOV3 cells, B16F10 cells TUBO cells, 4T1 cells, HT29 colorectal cancer cells, biopsies	Embedded in 4% agarose, BME; cultrex PC BME RGF type 2, 24-well plates a thin layer of 1.5% agarose, ultralow attachment plates, cancer cells grow as non-adherent spheroid cells, ultra-low attachment plates, Matrigel	Breast cancer, hepatobiliary tumor, colorectal cancers, ovarian cancer, metastatic melanoma, murine mammary carcinoma and glioblastoma.	[165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174]