Table 2.

Details of in vitro and in vivo assays of the properties of different parts of soursop (Annona muricata) *.

In Vitro		In Vivo
Soursop fruit
Antibacterial Methanol extract from dehydrated whole soursop fruit, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15422, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592 [26]		Trombolytic Swiss albino mice of either sex (male and female), treated with crude methanol extract from dehydrated whole soursop fruit [26]
Antioxidant Methanol extract of dried fruit and leaves as well as isolated 15-acetyl guanacone were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing in comparison to control (ascorbic acid) [31]		Antidiarrheal activity Castor oil induced method; the control group received vehicle (normal saline solution, post orally), the positive control group received loperamide, and the test group received soursop pulp methanol extracts [26]
Soursop pulp
Antioxidant DPPH radical-scavenging activity of methanol pulp extract [30]		Antidiabetic Methanol extracts of pulverized soursop pulp and leaf to male albino Wistar rats in different doses. At the end of the 28-day experimental period, serum was collected separately and used for serum amylase assay [27]
Antitumor Human tumor cell lines from MCF-7 (breast carcinoma without over-expression of the HER2/c-erb-2 gene), SKBr3 (breast carcinoma, in which the HER2/c-erb-2 gene is overexpressed), PC3 (prostate carcinoma), and HeLa (cervix epithelial carcinoma). Human dermis fibroblasts were used as control cells. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of soursop pulp [30]		Antifungal Methanol and aqueous extracts (dried and applied as aqueous solution) from soursop pulp controlling blackspots of Alternaria alternata in tomatoes [29]
Antimicrobial Agar disc diffusion method for screening the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous pulp extract against Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes [30]
Antidiabetic Pulp extract amylase inhibition assay; pancreatic alpha-amylase of porcine origin [27,28]
Antihypertensive Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). Inhibition assay [28]
Antifungal Inhibitory activity of methanol and aqueous soursop pulp extract on the radial growth of A. alternata [29]
Soursop leaf
Antidiabetic Pulp and leaf extract amylase inhibition assay; pancreatic α-amylase of porcine origin [27] Ethanol extract of soursop leaf evaluated about inhibitory against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase [23,27]		Gastroprotective Sprague Dawley strain rats (gastric injury induced) were treated with ethyl acetate extract of A. muricata leaves. Results evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry [32]
Antioxidant Methanol extract of dried leaves and isolated 15-acetyl guanacone, evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing in comparison to control (ascorbic acid) [31]		Anaesthetic Wister albino rats and mongrel dogs were used for the study. They were induced for local and general anesthesia with different doses of soursop leaf methanol extracts [33]
Soursop leaf nanoparticles as antioxidant assayed by DPPH, ABTS, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation [34] Soursop leaf extracts (80% methanol) and aqueous extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and nitrite [22] Soursop leaf ethanol extract, ORAC, FRAP, DPPH. Inhibition tests for the formation of advanced glycation end products; inhibition of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation [23] Soursop leaf ethanol:acetic acid extract, DPPH, ABTS assay [34]
Antibacterial Soursop leaf nanoparticles evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica by using a microdilution assay. The growth of bacterial isolates was considered as optical density at 530 nm [35]
Anti-angiogenic 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)− 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction assay in microplates. The assay is dependent on the reduction of MTT by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of viable cell to a blue formazan product, measured spectrophotometrically (550 nm). Incubated with serial dilutions of aqueous or DMSO of leaf soursop extracts [21]
Antiparasitic T. gondii proliferation, NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were cultured in well plates and infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH-2F1 strain cells and treated with different concentrations of soursop leaf extracts. Chlorophenol red–β-D-galactopyranoside was utilized for measuring the T. gondii growth [35]
Enzymes inhibition Ethanolic extract of soursop leaves, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition [23] Protection and treatment of radiation-induced skin damage Soursop leaves polysaccharides were tested as a protector of irradiated human cells (keratinocytes); evaluation of the effect by measuring cell viability and oxidant enzyme activity [36]
Anticancer The various soursop leaf methanolic extracts were used to several fractions: hexane, hexane-ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-methanol, methanol, and methanol-water. Each fraction was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate the desired stock solution. Effects of these fractions on cancer cell viability [31] Ethanol extract of soursop leaf effect on liver cancer HepG2 and colon cancer HCT116 cells. Cell viability and apoptosis assays, bioinformatics, and proteomics [37]
Anthelmintic Eggs to perform the egg hatch test (EHT) and for culture of infective larvae for larval motility test (LMT) were obtained from fecal samples collected rectally from a monospecifically H. contortus infected sheep. The effect of crude A. muricata leaf aqueous extract was evaluated [38]
Soursop peel
Antihypertensive Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay [28]		Restoration of pancreatic cells Aqueous extract of Annona muricata peels were tested in alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Effect evaluated by biochemical parameters in serum and liver, antioxidant biomarkers, activity of glycolytic enzymes, and metabolomic analysis [24]
Bactericidal The bactericidal effect of the soursop peel aqueous and ethanol extracts was evaluated with the modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The effect on S. aureus ATCC25923, Vibrio cholerae classic 569B, S. Enteritidis, and E. coli was evaluated [39]
Soursop seed
Antioxidant DPPH radical-scavenging activity of methanol seed extract [30] Aqueous extract of soursop seed, DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging assay [28]		Antifungal Methanol and aqueous extracts (dried and applied as aqueous solution) from soursop seed controlling blackspots of Alternaria alternata in tomatoes [29]
Antitumor Human tumor cell lines from MCF-7 (breast carcinoma, without over-expression of the HER2/c-erb-2 gene), SKBr3 (breast carcinoma, in which the HER2/c-erb-2 gene is overexpressed), PC3 (prostate carcinoma), and HeLa (cervix epithelial carcinoma). Human dermis fibroblasts were used as control cells. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of soursop seed [30]		Attenuation in benign prostatic hyperplasia Adult male Wistar rats treated with testosterone and soursop seed n-hexane extract. Effect evaluated by immunohistochemical on the expression of proteins and histology of prostate, markers of inflammation, and antioxidants [25]
Antimicrobial Agar disk diffusion method for screening the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous seed extract against Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes [30]		Antiatherogenic Male albino Wistar rats streptozotocin-induced diabetics, treated with soursop seed aqueous extract. The effect on biochemical markers was determined [40]
Antidiabetic Soursop seed extract amylase inhibition assay; pancreatic alpha-amylase of porcine origin [28] Antihypertensive Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay [28]		Antidiarrhea Wistar albino rats with castor oil induced diarrhea were treated with soursop ethanol seed extracts. Gastro-intestinal mobility was evaluated [41]
Larvicidal Acetogenin-rich fraction of A. muricata seeds and annonacin effects on the larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus were verified from the analysis of the main enzymes of the Culicidae larvae metabolism [42] Soursop seed kernel powder extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol). Early fourth instars of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus larvae were introduced into water containing each solvent extract. Assay of biochemical constituents; threshold time for lethal effect was evaluated [43]

* All cited references are from each published manuscripts cited in this work.