Table 4.
Nutritional composition of foods that compose the traditional Mediterranean diet pyramid, per pyramid tier and per NOVA group.
| Traditional Mediterranean Diet Pyramid | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional MD Pyramid Tiers | NOVA Classification System | Nutritional Composition per 100 g/mL | |||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | p-Value | Protein (g) | p-Value | Total Fat (g) | p-Value | SFA (g) | p-Value | Total Sugars (g) | p-Value | Salt (g) | p-Value | ||
| Red Meat (n = 26) | NOVA4 (n = 26) | 210 (140, 302) | n.a. | 13.8 (12.2, 17.0) | n.a. | 15.5 (5.0, 25.2) | n.a. | 5.5 (2.2, 9.7) | n.a. | 1.0 (0.5, 1.2) | n.a. | 2.40 (2.00, 2.50) | n.a. |
| Sweets (n = 192) | NOVA3 (n = 10) | 359 (312, 526) | 0.914 | 5.9 (0.8, 12.2) | 0.692 | 6.5 (0.1, 33.3) | 0.855 | 0.1 (0.1, 3.7) | 0.134 | 65.0 (35.0, 72.0) | 0.01 | 0.10 (0.00, 0.15) | 0.084 |
| NOVA4 (n = 182) | 458 (267, 509) | 5.4 (0.9, 8.0) | 19.0 (0.3, 26.3) | 6.6 (0.0, 10.9) | 33.0 (20.1, 49.8) | 0.17 (0.03, 0.54) | |||||||
| Eggs (n = 28) | NOVA1 (n = 27) | 138 (138, 150) | n.a. | 13.0 (12.6, 13.0) | n.a. | 11.0 (10.6, 11.0) | n.a. | 3.2 (3.2, 3.2) | n.a. | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | n.a. | 0.29 (0.13, 0.31) | n.a. |
| NOVA4 (n = 1) | 46 (n.a.) | 11.0 (n.a.) | 0.3 (n.a.) | 0.0 (n.a.) | 0.3 (n.a.) | 0.44 (n.a.) | |||||||
| Potatoes (n = 11) | NOVA1 (n = 1) | 78 (n.a.) | n.a. | 2.4 (2.4, 2.4) | n.a. | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) | n.a. | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | n.a. | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | n.a. | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | n.a. |
| NOVA3 (n = 1) | 156 (n.a.) | 2.5 (2.5, 2.5) | 5.9 (5.9, 5.9) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | |||||||
| NOVA4 (n = 9) | 136 (82, 180) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.6) | 4.0 (1.0, 5.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 4.5) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.59) | |||||||
| Olives, Pulses, Nuts (n = 503) | NOVA1 (n = 441) | 331 (302, 347) | 0.044 | 22.0 (20.3, 24.6) * | <0.01 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) * | <0.01 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) * | <0.01 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.7) | <0.01 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) * | <0.01 |
| NOVA3 (n = 21) | 278 (229, 496) | 1.6 (1.2, 8.6) * | 26.6 (19.4, 36.5) | 2.9 (2.4, 4.9) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.8) | 2.70 (1.62, 3.70) | |||||||
| NOVA4 (n = 41) | 495 (251, 593) | 14.2 (1.9, 20.2) | 30.3 (19.9, 49.0) | 5.5 (3.0, 7.7) | 2.6 (0.1, 5.8) | 2.00 (0.10, 4.21) | |||||||
| Fish (n = 39) | NOVA3 (n = 27) | 185 (101, 283) | 0.831 | 20.0 (16.0, 24.0) | 0.002 | 10.7 (0.6, 24.8) | 0.975 | 3.0 (0.2, 4.1) | 0.235 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | <0.01 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.30) | 0.543 |
| NOVA4 (n = 12) | 195 (94, 237) | 12.2 (8.5, 14.8) | 8.8 (4.4, 14.3) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.5) | 1,05 (1.00, 1.83) | |||||||
| Dairy (n = 152) | NOVA1 (n = 36) | 47 (46, 70) * | <0.01 | 3.5 (3.3, 4.4) * | <0.01 | 1.5 (1.5, 4.0) * | <0.01 | 1.0 (0.9, 2.0) | <0.01 | 4.7 (4.3, 4.7) | <0.01 | 0.10 (0.10, 0.12) * | <0.01 |
| NOVA3 (n = 35) | 308 (201, 357) * | 23.0 (16.5, 27.0) * | 23.0 (12.0, 28.1) * | 15.8 (8.2, 20.0) * | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) * | 1.75 (1.30, 2.00) * | |||||||
| NOVA4 (n = 81) | 96 (69, 202) | 6.9 (3.9, 12.2) | 3.9 (1.7, 8.4) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.8) | 4.9 (3.1, 11.6) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.76) | |||||||
| Fruits and Vegetables (n = 169) | NOVA1 (n = 59) | 33 (30, 77) | 0.078 | 2.6 (1.7, 4.2) * | <0.01 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.361 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 0.993 | 2.2 (1.1, 4.5) * | <0.01 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.10) * | <0.01 |
| NOVA3 (n = 21) | 85 (63, 102) | 4.0 (2.4, 4.4) * | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 5.2 (3.3, 13.1) | 0.40 (0.08, 0.60) | |||||||
| NOVA4 n = 89) | 32 (25, 258) | 1.5 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 3.6 (2.2, 14.8) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.63) | |||||||
| Non refined cereals (n = 56) | NOVA1 (n = 28) | 354 (352, 359) | 0.016 | 12.0 (9.3, 12.0) | 0.478 | 1.5 (1.3, 2.0) | <0.01 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | <0.01 | 3.3 (1.0, 3.8) | <0.01 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.01 |
| NOVA4 (n = 28) | 406 (310, 443) | 11.0 (9.4, 12.0) | 7.5 (3.6, 15.1) | 2.8 (0.8, 5.0) | 4.5 (3.4, 5.5) | 1.10 (0.9, 1.5) | |||||||
The table presents only the tiers and NOVA groups that contain at least one food product. Values are presented as median and quartiles Q2 (Q1, Q3). The confidence level was set at 99%. * indicates statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) of NOVA1 or NOVA3 vs. NOVA4. n.a.: comparison not applicable due to small sample size (n < 2) in at least one group.