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. 2023 Mar 28;24(7):6384. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076384

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. (Adapted with permission from Mantravadi, S. et al., Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis; published by Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2017. Copyright 2017 by Taylor and Francis) Dendritic (DC) and T helper (Th17 and Th1) cells produce several cytokines. TNFα promotes osteoclastogenesis via RANK-L and inhibits osteoblastogenesis via Dkk-1. This ultimately results in bone erosion formation [49]. IL-22 is involved in new bone formation [50,51].