Table 2.
Detection strategy of oxidative stress biomarkers.
| Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | Detection Strategy Examples | References |
|---|---|---|
| Malondialdehyde | UV-Vis Fluorescence Electrochemistry GC-MS SERS TBARS Test |
[96,97] |
| F2-isoprostanes | GC-MS GC-NICI-MS ELISA HPLC-MS/MS SPE-HPLC-MS/MS |
[98,99,100,101] |
| 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal | 2-AP HPLC Sandwich ELISA Western Blot LC-MSMS FT-ICR MS MALDI-TOF-MS 32P-PostlabelingGC-MS DNPH Derivatization |
[102,103,104] |
| Oxidized LDL | TBARS assay ELISA |
[105,106] |
| 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine | HPLC-ED | [107] |
| 3-Nitrotyrosine | (HPLC)-(UV-VIS) absorption Electrochemical (ECD) Diode array (DAD) LC-MS LC-MS/MS GC-MS GC-MS/MS Sandwich ELISA |
[108,109] |
| Gluthatione | DTNB/GR enzyme recycling method HPLC |
[110] |
| Protein carbonyls | Western blot In-gel fluorophoric tagging Levine spectrophotometric method ELISA HPLC |
[111,112] |
| Homocysteine | HPLC with fluorometric detection HPLC-ED Immunonephelometric method LC-MS-MS Fluorescence polarization Immunoassay EIA |
[113] |
| Methionine sulfoxide | Peptide mapping with MS detection rpHPLC HIC Weak cation-exchange chromatography |
[114] |
| Myeloperoxidase | BLI CRET ADHP MPO-Gd MR imaging |
[115,116] |
GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; NICI-MS: gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; SPE: polymeric weak anion-exchange solid-phase extraction; UHPLC–MS/MS: isotope-dilution ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry; 2-AP: fluorescent probe 2-aminopyridine; DNPH: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; HPLC-ED: high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection; EIA: enzyme-linked immunoassay; BLI: bioluminescence imaging; CRET: chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer; MPO-Gd: bis-5-hydroxytryptamide-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-gadolinium; ADHP: 10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine; TBARS: thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances.