Table 2.
Saudi children/adolescent studies measuring anthropometrics.
| No. | Author, Year (Reference) |
Regions | Population Age | Sample n |
Anthropometrics Assessed | Anthropometric Assessment Definition (e.g., WHO, CDC, NCHS…) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children Studies | |||||||
| 1. | Attallah et al., 1990 [52] | Asir | 0–24 months | 4520 | Supine length, weight and head circumference | Compared to Wadi Turaba infants and to Europeans | No access to the paper, just the abstract. The need for national growth standards to assess the growth status of Saudi children was highlighted |
| 2. | Wong and Al-Frayh 1990 [53] | Riyadh | Preschool children | 6623 | Weight, height, head and chest circumference and triceps skinfold | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 3 | Al-Hazzaa 1990 [54] | Riyadh | 6–14 years | 1169 | Height, weight, grip strength, chest, triceps, subscapular skinfold thickness | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. Figures of comparison were conducted between Saudi children and American and British populations |
| 4. | Al-Omair 1991 [55] | Riyadh | Newborns | 4498 | Weight, height, head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 5. | Al-Othaimeen 1991 [56] | 10 cities | Birth– 90 years |
933 | Weight, height, weight for height, height for age | NCHS | PhD thesis. |
| 6. | Al-sekait et al., 1992 [57] | All regions | School children | Weight, height, height for age, weight by age | NCHS | No access to the paper, just the abstract | |
| 7. | Jan 1992 [58] | Jeddah | Newborns | 325 | Weight, supine length, fronto-occipital head circumference, chest circumference, triceps skinfold thickness | Compared to national and international populations | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. Normal anthropometric standards are presented for Saudi newborns born at sea level (Jeddah) |
| 8. | Magbool et al., 1993 [59] | Dammam, Al-Khobar, Qatif and Al-Hassa | 6–16 years | 21,638 | Weight, height | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 9. | Abolfotouh et al., 1993 [60] | Aseer | 1–60 months | 1168 | Weight, height | NCHS | The study adjusted the international growth curves for local use in Saudi preschool children |
| 10. | Kordy M 1993 [61] | Jeddah | 1–18 | 3286 | Weight, height and mid-arm circumference | Compared to European children | Saudi children are shorter in height and lighter in weight than European children |
| 11. | Alfrayh and Bamgboye 1993 [62] | Riyadh | 0–5 years | 3795 | Weight, height, weight for height, weight for age, height for age | NCHS/CDC | Saudi Arabian children are slightly shorter and thinner than their American counterparts |
| 12. | Alfrayh et al., 1993 [63] | Riyadh | 0–5 years | 3795 | Weight, height | WHO | Anthropometric measurement methods mentioned. The standard physical growth chart for Saudi Arabian preschool children was designed |
| 13. | Chung 1994 [64] | Dammam, Al-Khobar | 6–16 years | 21,638 | Weight, height | NCHS | A microcomputer program for predicting percentile of height and weight by age for Saudi and US children aged 6–16 years was designed based on Magbool et al. data [59] |
| 14. | Al-fawaz et al., 1994 [65] | Riyadh | 6–24 months | 400 | Weight, height, height for age, weight for height, weight for age | Compared to American reference population | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The WHO software ‘ANTHRO’ was used. |
| 15. | Al-Eissa et al., 1995 [66] | Riyadh | infants | 4578 | Birth weight was collected within 24 h after birth | Normal birthweight-controls | Referenced the anthropometric measurement method |
| 16. | Madani et al., 1995 [67] | Taif | infants | 952 | Weight, height, arm circumference, skinfold thickness | Control infants >2500 g | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 17. | Al-Nuaim et al., 1996 [68] | All regions | 6- 18 years | 9061 | Weight, height, BMI | NCHS/CDC | No access to the paper, just the abstract. Growth charts for males 6–18 y old were created |
| 18. | Lawoyin 1997 [69] | Tabuk | infants | 528 | Birth weight | Compared to controls | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 19. | Al-Nuaim and Bamgboye 1998 [70] | 5 regions | 6–11 years | 4154 | Weight and height, weight for height, height for age and weight for age | NCHS/CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. Growth charts for males 6–11 y old were created |
| 20. | Al-Mazrou et al., 2000 [35] | 5 regions | 0–5 years | 24,000 | Weight and height | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. Growth charts for children 0–5 years were created |
| 21. | Hashim and Moawed 2000 [71] | Riyadh | Newborns | 500 | Maternal anthropometrics and newborn weight | Compared to controls | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 22. | Alshammari et al., 2001 [72] | Riyadh | 6–17 years | 1848 children 2927 adults | Weight, Height, BMI | NHANES | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 23. | Al-Hazzaa 2001 [73] | Riyadh | 7–15 years | 137 | Weight, height, BMI, skinfolds, % body fat | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 24. | Al-Jassir et al., 2002 [74] | Riyadh | <5 years | 21,507 | Weight, Height | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 25. | El-Hazmi and Warsy 2002 [75] | 5 regions | 1–18 years | 12,701 | Weight, Height | Cutoffs of BMI based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 26. | Al-Mazrou et al., 2003 [76] | 5 regions | 0–5 years | 23,821 | Weight, height and head circumference | NCHS | The study compared the national growth monitoring data with NCHS growth standards, which was used in KSA. The study concluded “significant difference between the national growth monitoring data and the NCHS data, so it is important to use the national figures to avoid the drawbacks of NCHS standards” |
| 27. | Bamgboye and Al-Nahedh 2003 [77] | Northwestern | <3 years | 332 | Weight, height | NCHS/WHO | No access to the paper, just the abstract. The pattern of growth was negatively deviated compared to NCHS/WHO |
| 28. | Al-Amoud et al., 2004 [36] | 5 regions | 0–5 years | 23,821 | Weight, height, head circumference | The study developed national growth charts from the national standards derived. Smoothed national growth standards with 5 and 7 percentiles were created and overcame the regional and the urban and rural variations | |
| 29. | Al-Shehri et al., 2005 [78] | Abha and Baish |
Newborns | 5500 | Birthweight, crown-to-heel length and head circumference | NCHS/CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The anthropometry of newborns was less than that of the reference population. |
| 30. | Al-Shehri et al., 2005 [79] | Abha | Newborns | 6035 | Birthweight, crown-to-heel length and head circumference | The study constructed intrauterine percentile growth curves for body weight, length and head circumference for local use in a high-altitude area of Saudi Arabia | |
| 31. | Al-Shehri et al., 2005 [80] | Abha | 0–24 months | 5426 | Weight, crown-toheel supine length, head circumference | NCHS | The study established growth reference standards for infants in the high-altitude Aseer region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Abha infants in the present study were significantly smaller in all growth parameters than the NCHS |
| 32. | Al-Shehri et al., 2006 [81] | Abha | 3–18 years | 13,580 | Weight, height, BMI | NCHS | The study standardized growth parameters for Saudi children (3–18 years) living at high altitude in Aseer region |
| 33. | Al-Saeed et al., 2006 [82] | Al-Khobar | 6–17 years | 2239 | Weight, Height, BMI | Cutoffs of BMI based on Cole et al. [25] and the CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 34. | Abou-Zeid et al., 2006 [83] | Taif | School children from grade 1–6 | 465 | Weight, height, weight for age, height for age and BMI for age | WHO/NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 35. | Al-Rowaily et al., 2007 [84] | Riyadh | 4–8 years | 6207 | Weight, height, BMI | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. Saudi children were more similar to Americans than to other Saudi children in different areas of Saudi Arabia |
| 36. | Al-Hazzaa 2007 [85] | Jeddah | Preschool children | 224 | Weight, height, BMI, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, %fat, fat mass, fat free mass, FM index | Based on Slaughter et al. [86] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 37. | Al-Hazzaa 2007 [87] | Riyadh | 6–14 years | 1784 | Weight, height, skinfold thickness, BMI, % fat, lean body mass | Based on several references | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 38. | El-Mouzan et al., 2007 [29] | All regions, | birth–19 years | 35,279 | Weight, height, head circumference | Format of NCHS and CDC growth charts was adopted | The study established updated reference growth charts for Saudi children and adolescents. Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 39. | El-Mouzan et al., 2008 [38] | All regions | birth–19 years [29] | 35,279 | Weight, height, head circumference | CDC growth charts | The study compared between the CDC and Saudi growth charts. There were major differences between the two growth charts. The study concluded “use of the 2000 CDC growth charts for Saudi children and adolescents increases the prevalence of undernutrition, stunting, and wasting” |
| 40. | Amin et al., 2008 [88] | Al-Hassa | Primary school children | 1278 | Weight, height, BMI | Cutoffs of BMI based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 41. | Alam 2008 [89] | Riyadh | female school children | 1072 | Weight, height, BMI | Cutoffs of BMI based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 42. | El-Mouzan et al., 2008 [90] | All regions | children were from [35] | 40,940 | Weight, height | Compared growth data collected in 1994–1995 and 2004–2005 | Anthropometric measurement methods were referred to in the studies. Evaluated the trend of nutritional status over 10 years. Improvement in Saudis’ nutritional status and a tendency toward overweight and obesity indicate the significance of growth chart update on regular basis |
| 43. | Al-Hashem 2008 [91] | Aseer | 12–71 months | 1041 | Weight, height | WHO/NCHS | The study compared between PEM children in low and high-altitude regions. Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 44. | Khalid 2008 [92] | Southwest | 6–15 years | 912 | Weight, height, | WHO/NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 45. | Al-Herbish et al., 2009 [30] | All regions | 0–19 years | 35,275 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO/CDC | The study established BMI curves with 10 percentiles that can be used for reference purposes for Saudi children and adolescents. In higher percentiles, Saudi children had equal or higher than Western children |
| 46. | El-Mouzan et al., 2009 [93] | [29] | birth–18 years | 19,131 | Weight, height, BMI, head circumference | Compared between regions | The study found significant differences in growth between regions of Saudi Arabia |
| 47. | El-Mouzan et al., 2009 [37] | All regions | <5 years | 15,516 | Weight, height | A multinational sample selected by the WHO | WHO and Saudi growth standards were used for Saudi children and compared to each other. The study concluded “The use of the WHO standards in Saudi Arabia and possibly in other countries of similar socioeconomic status increases the prevalence of undernutrition, stunting, and wasting”. |
| 48. | El-Mouzan et al., 2010 [94] | All regions | <5 years | 7390 | Weight, height | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned [95]. The higher the education level of the head of the household, the lower the prevalence of malnutrition in their children |
| 49. | El-Mouzan et al., 2010 [96] | All regions | <5 years | 15,516 | Weight, height | NCHS/WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study indicated significant regional disparities in prevalence of malnutrition in SA, with the highest in the southwestern region |
| 50. | El-Mouzan et al., 2010 [97] | All regions [29] | <5 years | 15,516 | Weight, height | Saudi growth charts/WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study reported the prevalence of malnutrition in SA |
| 51. | Alwasel et al., 2011 [98] | Unizah | newborns | 967 | Weight, head circumference, chest circumference and body length at birth | the effect of Ramadan fasting on birth weight | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned. |
| 52. | Al-Hazzani et al., 2011 [99] | Riyadh | newborns | 186 | Weight | NICHD | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 53. | Warsy et al., 2011 [100] | Riyadh | newborns | 151 | Weight, height, BMI | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 54. | Batterjee et al., 2013 [101] | Makkah | 6–15 years | 1553 | Height, head circumference | NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 55. | Wahabi et al., 2013 [102] | Riyadh | newborns | 3426 | Weight, length and head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 56. | Wahabi et al., 2013 [103] | Riyadh | newborns | 3231 | Weight, length and head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 57. | Bukhari 2013 [104] | Makkah | 6–13 years | 165 | Weight, height, BMI | NHANES-II | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 58. | Al-Saleh et al., 2014 [105] | Al-Kharj | newborns | 1578 | Weight, height, head circumference, crown-to-heel length | 10th percentiles as cutoffs for dichotomizing birth anthropometric measures | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 59. | AlKarimi et al., 2014 [106] | Jeddah | 6–8 years | 417 | Weight, height, height for age, weight for age, BMI for age | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 60. | Alwasel et al., 2014 [107] | Baish | newborns | 321 | Weight, crown-to-heel length, circumferences of the head, chest and thigh | Associations between placental measurements and neonatal anthropometrics | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 61. | Al-Shehri 2014 [108] | Makkah | 6–12 years | 258 | Weight, height | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 62. | Munshi et al., 2014 [109] | Jeddah | infants | 387 | Weight, length, head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 63. | Albuali 2014 [110] | Al-Ahsa | 6–12 years | 213 | Weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio | IOTF/CDC | Anthropometric measures followed the protocols of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry |
| 64. | Al-Mohaimeed et al., 2015 [111] | Al-Qassim | 6–10 years | 874 | Weight, height, BMI, %body fat | WHO | Anthropometric measurement methods mentioned |
| 65. | Al-Muhaimeed et al., 2015 [112] | Al-Qassim | 6–10 years | 874 | Weight, height, BMI | Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 66. | Shaik et al., 2016 [33] | All regions | <5 years | 15,601 | Weight, height, BMI, head circumference | LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) methodology | The study produced growth references for Saudi preschool children |
| 67. | El-Mouzan et al., 2016 [113] | All regions | 5–18 years | 19,299 | Weight, height | LMS methodology | The study produced growth reference for Saudi school-age children and adolescents |
| 68. | El-Mouzan et al., 2016 [114] | All regions | 5–18 years | 19,299 | Weight for age, height for age, BMI for age | LMS and z-score reference | The study produced growth reference for Saudi school-age children and adolescents |
| 69. | Al-Qurashi et al., 2016 [115] | Al-Khobar | Newborns | 476 | Weight, length | CDC/WHO | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 70. | Farsi et al., 2016 [116] | Jeddah | 7–10 years | 914 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | Several references | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 71. | Wyne et al., 2016 [117] | Riyadh | 6–11 years | 61 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO/IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 72. | Bhayat et al., 2016 [118] | Al-Madinah | 12 years | 419 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 73. | Kensara and Azzeh 2016 [119] | Makkah | Infants | 300 | Weight, length and head circumference | Several references | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 74. | AlKushi and Alsawy 2016 [120] | Makkah | Infants | 200 | Weight, length, head circumference | Cutoffs of birth weight with no reference | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 75. | Khalid et al., 2016 [121] | Aseer | Newborns | 25 | Weight, length, body circumferences and skinfold thicknesses | Compared newborn anthropometrics between low and high altitude | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 76. | Eid et al., 2016 [122] | Jeddah | 2–18 years | 643 | Birth weight, height | CDC and several references | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 77. | Bakhiet et al., 2016 [123] | Riyadh | 6–12 years | 1812 | Height, head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 78. | El-Mouzan et al., 2017 [34] | All regions | 0–60 months | 15,601 | Weight, height, head circumference | Compared Saudi Z-scores with WHO and CDC | The study established Z-score growth reference data for Saudi preschool children and growth charts |
| 79. | Quadri et al., 2017 [124] | Jazan | 5–15 years | 360 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 80. | AlSulaibikh et al., 2017 [125] | Dammam | 7 days–13 years | 527 | Weight | determine the accuracy of the Broselow tape on estimating body weights | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 81. | AlShammari et al., 2017 [126] | Hail | 2–18 years | 1420 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 82. | Alsubaie 2017 [127] | Al-Baha | 7–12 years | 725 | Weight, height, BMI | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned and not clear if it was self-report |
| 83. | Al-Kutbe et al., 2017 [128] | Makkah | 8–11 years | 266 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 84. | Saleh et al., 2017 [129] | Al-Ahsa | 7–15 years | 240 | Weight, height, BMI | Saudi growth charts | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 85. | Al-agha and Mahjoub 2018 [130] | Western | 4–13 years | 306 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC/NHANES II | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 86. | Belal et al., 2018 [131] | Taif | Newborn | 1468 | Weight, height, BMI, head circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 87. | Sebiany et al., 2018 [132] | Dammam | 6–12 years | 851 | Weight, height, mid-arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness |
Harvard standards and Saudi growth charts | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 88. | Shaban et al., 2018 [133] | Jazan | 6–12 years | 240 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 89. | Eldosouky et al., 2018 [134] | Al-Madinah | Children | 294 | Weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumferences | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 90. | Habibullah et al., 2018 [135] | Qassim | 4–10 years | 171 | Weight, height, BMI | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 91. | Fakeeh et al., 2019 [136] | Jazan | 6–13 years | 300 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 92. | Mohtasib et al., 2019 [40] | Riyadh | Newborns-14 years | 950 | Weight, height, BMI, body surface area | Saudi growth charts | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned. The study established normal growth curves for renal length in relation to sex, age, body weight, height, BMI and body surface area of healthy children in Riyadh |
| 93. | Al-Hussaini et al., 2019 [137] | Riyadh | 6–16 years | 7930 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 94. | Alahmari et al., 2019 [138] | Abha | 6–16 years | 200 | Weight, height, BMI, hand dimensions | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 95. | Nasim et al., 2019 [139] | Riyadh | 6–14 years | 481 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 96. | Mosli R 2020 [140] | Jeddah | 3–5 years | 209 | Weight, height, BMI Z-score | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 97. | Alghadir et al., 2020 [141] | Not mentioned | 8–18 years | 500 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | Compared Saudis and expatriates | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 98. | El-Gamal et al., 2020 [142] | Jeddah | Preschool | 748 | Weight, height, BMI, | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 99. | Alissa et al., 2020 [143] | Jeddah | 5–15 years | 200 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 100. | Alturki et al., 2020 [144] | Riyadh | 9–12 years | 1023 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 101. | Gohal et al., 2020 [145] | Jazan | <5 years | 440 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 102. | Kamel et al., 2021 [146] | Hail | 6–12 years | 571 | Weight, height, BMI, skinfold thickness | Based on references | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 103. | Elsayed and Said 2021 [147] | Wadi aldawaser | 10–12 years | 150 | Weight, height, arm circumference, BMI, Triceps skinfold | Jellife 1966 [148] | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 104. | Hijji et al., 2021 [149] | All regions | 10–19 years | 12,463 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 105. | Gudipaneni et al., 2021 [150] | Aljouf | 12–14 years | 302 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| Adolescent Studies | |||||||
| 106. | Abahussain N 1999 [151] | Al-Khobar | girls 12–19 years | 676 | Weight, height, BMI | NHANES-I | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 107. | Abalkhail and Shawky 2002 [152] | Jeddah | 10–19 years | 2737 | Weight, height, triceps skin fold thickness, mid-arm circumference, BMI | NHANES-I | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 108. | Abalkhail et al., 2002 [153] | Jeddah | 9–21 years | 2860 | Weight, height, BMI | NHANES-I | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 109. | Al-Rukban 2003 [154] | Riyadh | Boys 12–20 years | 894 | Weight, height, BMI | NHANES | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 110. | Al-Almaie 2005 [155] | Al-Khobar | 1766 | Weight, Height, BMI | NHANES and IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned | |
| 111. | Al-Emran et al., 2007 [156] | Riyadh | 9–18 years | 1053 | Height | CDC/NHCS | The study provided growth reference values in body height and determined the specific age at peak height velocity for Saudi male and female adolescences in Riyadh. The study concluded that the use of CDC/NCHS height standards is not appropriate to be used in Saudi children |
| 112. | Farahat et al., 2007 [157] | Western, Northern and Eastern | 12–19 years | 1454 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO/NCHS | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 113. | Al-Hazzaa 2007 [158] | All regions | Three studies [57,68] | Weight, height, BMI | BMI was plotted at the 50th and 90th percentiles | The study examined the trends in BMI of Saudi male adolescents between 1988 and 1996 from 3 nationally representative samples | |
| 114. | Almuzaini 2007 [159] | Riyadh | 11–19 | 44 | Weight, height, BMI, Subscapular, triceps, thigh and calf skinfolds |
Not available | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 115. | Mahfouz et al., 2008 [160] | Abha | boys 11–19 years | 2696 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 116. | Bawazeer et al., 2009 [161] | Riyadh | adolescents | 5877 | Weight, height, BMI, waist-hip ratio | Based on a reference | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 117. | El-Mouzan et al., 2010 [162] | Representative sample | 0–19 years | 35,279 | Weight, height, head circumference, BMI | compared between Saudi males and females | Anthropometric measurement reference mentioned. The study determined the pattern and magnitude of differences in growth between boys and girls according to age |
| 118. | El-Mouzan et al., 2010 [39] | Representative sample [29] | 5–18 years | 19,317 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO/CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 119. | Al-Oboudi 2010 [163] | Riyadh | Girls 9–13 years | 120 | Weight, height, BMI | Not available | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 120. | Washi and Ageib 2010 [164] | Jeddah | 13–18 years | 239 | Weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 121. | Al-Daghri et al., 2010 [165] | Riyadh | 5–17 years | 964 | Weight, height, waist, hip, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) | Cutoffs based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study established SAD cutoffs and their association with obesity |
| 122. | Abahussain 2011 [166] | Al-Khobar | 15–19 years | 721 | Weight, height, BMI | NHANES-I | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study determined the change in BMI among adolescent Saudi girls living in Al-Khobar between 1997 and 2007 |
| 123. | El-Mouzan et al., 2012 [167] | 3 regions, representative sample [29] | 5–17 years | 9018 | Height | Compared stature between regions | Anthropometric measurement method: referred to the main study, a representative sample. The study assessed regional prevalence of short stature |
| 124. | Al-Attas et al., 2012 [168] | Riyadh | 10–17 years | 948 | Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, BMI, Waist-to-hip ratio, SAD | Based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study concluded “The use of SAD may not be practical for use in the paediatric clinical setting” |
| 125. | Al-Nakeeb et al., 2012 [169] | Al-Ahsa | 15–17 years | 1138 | Weight, height, BMI | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned; the study compared between Saudi and British anthropometrics |
| 126. | El-Mouzan et al., 2012 [170] | 3 regions | 2–17 years | 11,112 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study assessed regional variation in prevalence of overweight and obesity |
| 127. | Al-Hazzaa et al., 2012 [171] | Al-Khobar, Jeddah, Riyadh | 14–19 years | 2906 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 128. | Al-Jaaly 2012 [172] | Jeddah | 13–18 years | 1519 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height-ratio | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 129. | ALHazzaa et al., 2013 [173] | Riyadh and Al-Khobar | 14–18 years | 1648 | Weight, height, BMI | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The study compared between Saudi and British adolescents |
| 130. | Al-Ghamdi 2013 [174] | Riyadh | 9–14 years | 397 | Weight, height, BMI | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 131. | Al-Hazzzaa et al., 2014 [175] | Al-Khobar Jeddah Riyadh |
14–19 years | 2908 | Weight, height, waist circumference, BMI | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 132. | Duncan et al., 2014 [176] | Al-Khobar and Riyadh | 14–18 years | 1648 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, waist to height ratio | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned; Saudi anthropometric compared to British |
| 133. | Al-Hazzaa 2014 [177] | Riyadh, Jeddah and Al-Khobar | 15–19 years | 2852 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 134. | AlBuhairan et al., 2015 [178] | All regions-representative sample | Saudi adolescents | 12,575 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned. The national adolescent health study “Jeeluna” identified the health needs and status of adolescents in KSA. |
| 135. | Al-Daghri et al., 2015 [179] | Riyadh | 12–17 years | 1690 | Weight, height, waist and hip circumference | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 136. | Al-Sobayel et al., 2015 [180] | Riyadh, Jeddah, Al-Khobar | 14–19 years | 2888 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 137. | Alenazi et al., 2015 [181] | Arar | Saudi male adolescents | 523 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 138. | Al-agha et al., 2015 [182] | Jeddah | 6–14 years | 586 | Height | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 139. | Shaik et al., 2016 [183] | Riyadh | 9–16 years | 304 | Weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference | CDC/WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 140. | Moradi-Lakeh et al., 2016 [184] | All regions | 15–25 years | 2382 | Weight, height, BMI | Not mentioned | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 141. | Al-agha et al., 2016 [185] | Jeddah | 2–18 years | 541 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 142. | Hothan et al., 2016 [186] | Jeddah | 11–18 years | 401 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 143. | Al-Daghri et al., 2016 [187] | Riyadh | 12–18 years | 4549 | Weight, height, BMI | Based on Cole et al. [25] | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 144. | Al-Agha et al., 2016 [188] | Jeddah | 2–18 years | 653 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 145. | Alswat et al., 2017 [189] | Taif | 12–18 years | 424 | Weight, height, BMI | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 146. | Omar et al., 2017 [190] | Taif | 12–15 years | 701 | Weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, skinfold thickness, % body fat | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 147. | Nasreddine et al., 2018 [191] | All regions | Adolescents | 1047 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | WHO/CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 148. | AlTurki et al., 2018 [192] | Riyadh | 16–18 years | 384 | Weight, height, skinfold thickness and waist and hip circumferences | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method not mentioned |
| 149. | Al-Hazzaa and Albawardi 2019 [193] | Riyadh, Jeddah, Al-Khobar | 15–19 years | 2888 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | IOTF | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 150. | Fatima et al., 2019 [194] | Arar | 15–19 years | 322 | Weight, height, BMI | CDC | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 151. | Moukhyer et al., 2019 [195] | Jazan | 12–19 years | 502 | Weight, height | WHO | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
| 152. | Alowfi et al., 2021 [196] | Jeddah | 12–19 years | 172 | Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference | Saudi growth charts | Anthropometric measurement method mentioned |
BOLD highlighted rows: studies contributed to the establishment/adjustment of Saudi growth charts for children/adolescents or specific cutoffs or studied the trend of growth in representative samples or adjusted the international curves to be used in Saudis. Legend: BMI: Body mass index (may refer to z-scores of BMI), CDC: Centers for Disease Control, FM: Fat mass, IOTF: International Obesity Task Force, LBW: low birth weight, LMS: Lambda-Mu-Sigma, NCHS: National Center for Health Statistics, NHANESI: National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey I, NICHD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, SA: Saudi Arabia, SAD, Sagittal abdominal diameter, WHO: World Health Organization