Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of study participants in the intervention and comparison groups at baseline.
| Variables | Intervention (n = 43) | Comparison (n = 42) | t | X 2 | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | n | % | M | SD | n | % | ||||
| Age (years old) | 76.37 | 6.08 | 78.66 | 6.18 | −1.03 | 0.306 | |||||
| Education (degree) | 4.37 | 0.225 | |||||||||
| Illiterate | 15 | 34.9 | 21 | 50.0 | |||||||
| Elementary | 18 | 41.9 | 18 | 42.9 | |||||||
| Junior high school | 7 | 16.3 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| ≥Senior high school | 3 | 7.0 | 3 | 7.1 | |||||||
| Number of chronic diseases (number) | 1.57 | 0.93 | 1.35 | 1.39 | 0.51 | 0.608 | |||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 137.02 | 14.75 | 137.83 | 15.69 | −0.137 | 0.889 | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 72.46 | 13.26 | 67.70 | 10.32 | 1.01 | 0.317 | |||||
| HR (bpm) | 75.65 | 10.61 | 75.10 | 6.77 | 0.14 | 0.880 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.81 | 3.11 | 25.69 | 3.82 | −0.707 | 0.486 | |||||
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 17.80 | 2.72 | 15.88 | 3.40 | 1.72 | 0.093 | |||||
| Lower-limb muscle strength (time/30 s) | 8.20 | 2.62 | 7.70 | 2.83 | 0.57 | 0.554 | |||||
| Upper-limb muscle strength (time/30 s) | 12.58 | 2.82 | 12.38 | 2.13 | 0.21 | 0.824 | |||||
| Static balance (degree) | 7.71 | 8.26 | 3.81 | 3.88 | 1.43 | 0.161 | |||||
| Agility and dynamic balance (degree) | 9.83 | 3.20 | 11.58 | 4.28 | −1.01 | 0.316 | |||||
| Lower-limb flexibility (cm) | −0.92 | 10.60 | −4.46 | 11.40 | 0.90 | 0.378 | |||||
| Upper-limb flexibility (cm) | −13.87 | 17.29 | −7.40 | 13.48 | −1.16 | 0.257 | |||||
| Daily life activities (degree) | 20.15 | 4.13 | 22.01 | 5.12 | 0.60 | 0.11 | |||||
Note. DBP = diastolic blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; HR = heart rate; BMI = body mass index.